Introduction: Menopause is one of four crises of women’s life that predispose for many of hormonal change. Menopause is the stage of women’s life in which ovarian function is terminated and level of estrone HORMONEs that are secreted form ovarianes, severely reduced. Menopause accompanied with remarkable somatic and psychologic changes. The most important of these changes in long time causes evidence of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, bone fracture and even Alzhemier. Regarding to knowledge and attitude towards menopause and HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy in women can help to improve their performance and reduce the severity of these effects. Therefore, pay special attention to increase awareness and provide good service before and after the menopause.Objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate attitude and knowledge of women about menopausal symptoms, associated factors, side effects and HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy in menopausal periods.Material and methods: this is a cross sectional-descriptive study has done in 277 women aged 45 years or more which have been visited in hospital’s clinics at Rasht city in 2007. Data were obstetrician history and patient’s information about menopouse, its symptoms, side effect and female attitude for HORMONE therapy. These data were analysed by T test and Chi-square and spss10 software.Results: 32.1% of 277 women had high knowledge about predisposing factors of menopause 60.7% (168) were well informed about menopausal signs, 75.5% (209)were agreed about HORMONE therapy, between attitude and knowledge of inducing factors, also attitude and knowledge of menopausal signs were direct correlation(p<0.0001-P<0.0001). Among education level, socio-economic situation, less number of parity and knowledge of Predisposing factors were significant relation (P<0.0001- p<0.0001 and p= 0.025) Also level of knowledge about menopausal signs, education status, socio-economic situation History of abortion and kind of contraception had significant relation (p<0.0001-p<0.0001-p=0.027 and p=0.036). Education, socio-economic situation, higher age group had significant relation with hormon REPLACEMENT therapy (p<0.0001-p<0.0001-and p=0.001).Conclusion: Socio-economic situation and educational level had direct effect on menopausal signs and risk factors, so by improving of women education and socio-economic situation can improve female’s awareness or passing this period of life without any crises.

Background and Aim: The quality of life of millions of women due to menopause symptoms is degraded. HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy can relieve vasomotor symptoms, decrease LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, reduce some coronary heart disease risk factors, and not only offsets bone loss but also improves physical fitness. The purpose of this study was to determine knowledge, attitude and PRACTICE of Birjand menopausal women with respect to HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytic study 295 menopausal women from the nine areas of Birjand, under the supervision of qualified questioners, answered a questionnaire including demographic questions and special questions concerning their knowledge, attitude, and PRACTICE with respect to post-menopause HRT. Then the data was analyzed by SPSS software x2 and logistic regression tests. Result: Mean age of the cases was 58.7 year, 5.4% were employers, 79.9% were illiterate, 62.7% thought that menopause has complications, 60.7% were worried about menopause and the most important complication was menopausal flash according to 34.9% of them 65.8% had no problem with menopause, 57.7% of whom gained their satisfaction through praying in 88.5% of cases HRT was not done, 70.1% of which was due to lack of knowledge. Mean score of knowledge was 3.63±2.43 (out of 12) and mean score of attitude was 2.29±1.11 (out of 9) both of which showed a low state. There was a significant relationship between education and knowledge and between knowledge and attitude as well. Conclusion: According to the results, knowledge, attitude and PRACTICE of Birjand menopausal women with respect to HRT is very low and these women must be given necessary instructions.

Background: Hyperlipidemia and its related complications are among the most frequent problems during the menopause. Controversies have arisen regarding the effects of HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy on serum lipids during the menopause, so the present study was conducted over the menopausal women referring to the hospitals of Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 1998-99.Materials and methods: 40 menopausal females ahd entered this clinical trial. Including criteria were: non-obesity (BMI<30), normal uterus, blood pressure<160/90mnHg, no previous history of diabetes, hypothyroidism, renal failure, acute liver disease, and breast cancer. Meanwhile, candidates should have no obligation for estrogen-therapy (such as thrombophlebitis, ...). 8cc blood sample was obtained for FSH, FBS, LFT, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL measurement. FSH was measured through radioimmunoassay and lipid parameters were determined enzymatically. HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy was administered for 3 months as below: conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/d, first to 25th day of each menstrual cycle as well as medroxyprogestrone acetate 10mg/d, 15thto 25th day of each menstrual cycle. Then, blood samples were obtained and lipidemic parameters were determined and compared with the previous results.Results: The mean age (±SD) of the candidates was 53.9±2.83 and the mean age of menopausal was 51.9±1.45 years. Serum cholesterol level was reported 197.4±37.9 mg/dl before the HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy, but was decreased by 17% (162.4±31.5mg/dl) after that (p<0.001). However, HDL level has shown 14.91% increase after the therapy (50.3±12.2 vs. 57.8±14.5 mg/dl). Meanwhile, LDL and triglyceride levels have shown 21.4% and 9.56% reduction following the procedure (124.5±44.5 vs. 97.8±34.3 mg/dl, and 163.4±55.98 vs. 147.7±52.47 mg/dl, respectively, p<0.001).Conclusion: HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy could reduce serum lipid level in menopausal females. Another study regarding the efficacy of HORMONE REPLACEMENT therapy on hyperlipidemic menopausal females is strongly recommended.

Menopause is accompanied by numerous physiological and psychological symptoms degrading the quality of life. HORMONE REPLACEMENT Therapy (HRT), introduced in the 1960s, effectively manages many menopausal symptoms. During the 1970s, a link between estrogen therapy and increased incidence of endometrial cancer was found and resolved by combination-HRT containing estrogen and progestin. Nevertheless, its usage declined dramatically when the Women’ s Health Initiative (WHI) published its findings in 2002 reporting excess risk of breast cancer (BC) with HRT usage, 3 particularly with the combination regime. Eventually, studies contradicting this finding were 4-6 published. Recently, significantly higher BC risk in combined HRT users has been re-established. . .