The main aim of the current paper is to discuss the important effective variables, particularly synoptic patterns, in creating flood in MASOULE basin using flood discharge data in Komadoul station during 20 year period (1984-2003). To achieve the aim, daily average and instantaneous maximum of discharge in mentioned station were used. Data accuracy was done using the data for Chomesghal station and technical report from the unexpected events section in the area. In the study period, among the 181 identified flash flood events, 61 events were chosen between years 1996-2003. Then, based on the most effective creator parameters, they were classified into two main groups; events which were due to atmospheric instability and synoptic patterns and those occurred as a result of combination rainfall and short length of main channel. About 51% and 49% of destructive floods in the study area belong to the first and second groups, respectively. Using the synoptic maps of surface level, 700 and 500 HP, and based on the position of cyclone and anticyclone on basin and their movement over the moisture resources, three specified patterns was distinguished. The cyclonic systems come from Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, while the anti-cyclonic models mainly come from Caspian Sea and rarely from Black Sea. The result of the research also showed that mentioned systems, based on their characteristics or establishment period on the basin, have been made flood with different magnitude. Among the sampled events, 34, 13, and 14 events were adjusted with one, two and three consecutive day rainfall, respectively. From the temporal point of view, distribution of flood shown that most of them were occurred between Sept. and Oct., late winter and early spring.

Demand and willingness for travelling is rapidly increasing as trading, hobby and leisure....in the world. Increasing personal income, leisure times and changing attitude cause to develop tourism. Therefore tourism change to the social fact mean while rural tourism is the most important type of it. Today most of the countries received their per-capita income of rural tourism. Iran has a potential to become a pioneer country in tourism industry because of hospitality and kindness of the people in Iran. In this paper, MASOULE village with unique architecture and attractive culture has been chosen in order to understand the effects of tourism from anthropological point of view. The data presented in this paper, have been collected through informal interviews, empirical observations.

In Iran with an arid and semi-arid climate, the optimal use of water resources is a necessity. Due to the increasing population on the one hand and the reduction of groundwater resources on the other hand, quantitative assessment and calculation of the water balance of CATCHMENTs are of great importance. Water balance reports are one of the most prominent study projects in water resources management in the country. Despite the importance of these studies, there are some issues in the process of preparation of water balances that may lead to errors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate water CATCHMENT balance calculations and identify the factors that cause the most uncertainty and error in these calculations. In general, the estimation of the water balance will be reliable, by reducing accidental and systematic uncertainties. These improvements can be achieved through the creation of a reliable data bank and turning it into an effective tool for balance assessment, as well as creating an adequate hydrogeology and hydrology knowledge of the study area, sufficient knowledge of the boundary conditions, an appropriate spatial and temporal resolution of the area, and accurate calculation of the input components such as rainfall, recharge, evaporation, irrigation status, and infiltration coefficients, etc.

Snow is one of the main elements of hydrological cycle of the mountainous basins. In the basins, snow runoff plays the main role of the river flows. Although there are snowfalls in the eastern highlands of the country, the effect of this kind of hydrological element is different from the western areas. The goal of the study is to investigate on the effect of simulated runoff on the flowing water balance parameters in the BAAR NEYSHABOUR basin. To reach the goal, the counted discharge of ARIYE hydrometric station located on BAAR River is used and to count the rainfall, BAAR-ARIYE evaporation center is utilized. Counting term is about 30 years. Water years of 1975 to 1989 for simulating and calibration and the verification are happened from the years of 1995 to 2009. The consequences show that, despite the simplicity, WASMOD model is able to simulate the runoff even by low receiving data. So the mentioned model can be used in the basins with the low available data. The capability of the model was studied in two ways, and the results suggested that the model with the effect of snow is more related to the reality. Modeling is possible even with no regard to the snowfall. Basic runoff conduction under the effect of the snow is nonlinear as well.

The paper describes an extensive analysis of hydrometeorological information of Taleghan CATCHMENT in the north west of ternan province. Potential snowfall areas as well as advance and retrogression of snow line are identified using temperature data and hypsometric curve. Snow index together with snow-water volume of CATCHMENT then are determined. Finally snow melting mechanism of basin investigated using energy budget method and spring river discharge is forecasted by means of multiple regression method.

This study was based on the hypothesis that “Ecotourism is an important instrument in sustainable rural development and ecologically-based landscape planning approaches which take the objectives of socio-economic development and nature conservation have an effective role in this issue”. For this purpose, the necessity of ecologically-based landscape planning approaches in the planning and implementation of ecotourism activities and the importance of the views of related stakeholders in decision-making process have been established in this study. The field of study was grounded on subbasin and micro basin boundaries which take natural thresholds into consideration instead of administrative boundaries which contrast with natural thresholds. A total of 31 micro basins, consisting of 20 basins in the Kazandere basin of a total of 293 km² in the northwest of Turkey and 11 basin in the Pabuçdere basin, have been assessed. A 3-phased method was followed in the study. Firstly, the inventory and data base of the field were created on Geographic Information Systems medium and micro basins were determined. In the second phase, suitability analyses were carried out on the basis of the Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum (ECOS) according to 6 basic components, 15 assessment factors, and 24 subcriteria.In the third phase, the micro basins suitable for ecotourism potential were determined by creating a synthesis sheet on the field of study as a result of related analyses and assessments, and ecotourism oriented development strategies were developed by utilizing the rapid rural appraisal conducted in the area and visitor questionnaires as well.

In many floods controlling, watershed-management and water-resources projects, estimating of river flow-rate is important and needs a comprehensive hydrological modeling of flow-rate evaluation. Need for enlightening the status of water-resources and precipitation in different watersheds and the lack of networks of hydro-meteorological gauging stations, reveal the importance of estimating the runoff volume in watersheds. In addition, designing of hydrostructures on rivers such as bridges and weirs are in need of forecasting related floods of the territory. In this research explores discovering of the hydrological soil groups of Ab-Bakhsha watershed in Bardisr in Kerman province for evaluating the flood peak and volume. There is soil group data just for one sub-basin therefore; the watershed suffers from lack of hydrological soil group data. For that reason, slope maps evaluate the hydrological soil group which shows the 87% accordance with the available data. To continue, the HEC - HMS software modeled eight flood events using estimated data and rainfall-runoff observation. Four target-functions calibrated the model for curve number and coefficient K in Muskingum method. In the end, to evaluating the calibrated model, four flood events by NOF and EF goodness of fit tests were simulated. According to the results, the RMSE method as the best target-function used for optimizations. In general based on the lack of information about the soil curve number and promising results of this model, one can knows this method as a proper method for calculating the flood volume in preliminary study plans.