Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity and epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, and of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical and critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, and how absolutizing its demands in such a manner as to undermine the veracity and epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism – the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions – in truth and KNOWLEDGE justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

This research was carried out with the purpose of determining the effectiveness of the self-KNOWLEDGE educational package based on the theory of existentialism on the illogical beliefs of communication on people. The statistical population included all married people who referred to counseling and psychological centers in Tehran's 1st and 3rd districts with marital problems. In the current research, experimental research method of quasi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test design with control group was used. In the research sample, 16 people who had a high LEVEL of irrational beliefs were selected voluntarily based on the answers to the voluntary questionnaire of counseling centers, and 8 people were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. The data collection tool was Adilson and Epstein's communication irrational beliefs questionnaire, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and 12 data collection training sessions. Multivariate analysis of covariance or MANOVA method was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of covariance in the Mankva text showed that in the main hypothesis, the analysis of covariance in the variable of couples' irrational beliefs (sig=0.02, F=6.059) is significant. The results of the sub-hypotheses also showed that the analysis of covariance in the variable of destructiveness, belief in the changeability of the spouse, belief in mind reading, belief in sexual perfectionism and sexual differences of couples is significant. the self-KNOWLEDGE education based on the existentialism approach is effective on the irrational beliefs of married people.

Purpose: Current study has been done to assess the ability to understand the Vocabularies used in the user interface of Web of KNOWLEDGE and Scopus databases by Shahid Beheshti’s graduate students.Methodology: The methodology of present research is quantitative. A survey has been done as a research method. The research population was graduate students studying in Shahid Beheshti University and the random sampling method is used. The data were collected by questionnaire from 350 graduate students who 309 (88%) of them responded to the questionnaire.Findings: The results showed that Vocabularies used in interfaces of both databases had good capabilities of understanding. 69.4% of Vocabularies studied in Web of KNOWLEDGE have very high and high LEVEL of understanding and 30.6% of words had the modest capabilities of understanding. According to results of words studied in Scopus, 59.5% of Vocabularies had very high and high capabilities of understanding. However 24.3% of the words have the modest and the 16.2% of the Vocabularies had low and very low capabilities of understanding.Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the plural words have higher LEVEL of understanding than singular words; also the LEVEL of understanding of short sentences is higher than long sentences; the understanding LEVEL of imperatives sentences is higher than declarative sentences and adjectival phrases and explanation of the words effect on the understanding of words concept. The results of the research showed that familiarity with and use of the database and the KNOWLEDGE of English language effect on the better understanding of words. Finally, by using the obtained results and to enhance of the Vocabularies understanding capabilities the suggestions is presented.

This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new theory on the nature of truth, KNOWLEDGE and falsehood (the Inversion Theory of Truth). Kant’s idea that KNOWLEDGE could be absolutely certain, and that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence Theory of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as KNOWLEDGE and falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation and the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe objects and events in the objective (noumenal) state, and that subjective KNOWLEDGE must contain (and is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions and KNOWLEDGE are obtained by the biological and evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have KNOWLEDGE of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, and hence that all KNOWLEDGE is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori KNOWLEDGE, and admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to compile effective scenarios for improving the resilience of new Habitations in Isfahan. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method; it is a combination of documentary and survey methods and future research. Investigations have shown that based on possible situations, 10,040 scenarios have been identified to study the resilience of new Habitations in the Metropolitan Isfahan Isfahan against the risk of earthquakes. Of these scenarios, 9999 weak scenarios, 36 high compatibility or believable scenarios and 5 strong scenarios have been identified. Thirty-six scenarios with high compatibility can be divided into four groups according to their proximity, and each group includes several scenarios with almost common characteristics despite the small difference in one or more situations among the 15 key factors. These four groups represent the general framework of the situations governing the future resilience of the studied habitations. According to the results of the examination of different groups of scenarios in this research, scenario number 1 in the first group of scenarios has been introduced as a favorable scenario due to having favorable and complete conditions. Also, among the key factors studied, the collective justice factor, with an average of -4 and a total score of -144, is the most critical key factor in the studied scenarios   Extended Abstract Introduction The inability to accurately predict the future, as well as the complexities of increasing change, has led researchers to take advantage of the emerging KNOWLEDGE of future studies and bring the issue of foresight into the heart of planning activities and to predict scientific and technological developments.The appropriate effectiveness of today's decision-making is related to recognizing the future situation and how planners deal with it. Accurate KNOWLEDGE of the future also depends on a suitable method for discovering the future. Today, with traditional planning methods, including outsourcing in the past, it is unlikely to generate reliable foresight in the medium and long term. Futuristic science approaches in planning to find the key factors and drivers of development in the planning space emphasize that in this way, the planner with the lever of control and management of the future to plan optimally for the future. In the urban area of Isfahan, the evolution of industry has played an important role in changing the economic structure and the emergence of a new hierarchy of residential areas and population concentration, especially in Isfahan. In order to overcome the problems caused by urban development, especially to reduce the housing problem and prevent population explosion, reduce the destruction of agricultural land, preserve the cultural texture and control construction, new habitations in Isfahan Metropolitan have been thought and built. Existence of numerous problems and issues, such as active faults with the ability to cause extensive human and financial losses, construction of high-LEVEL units outside the rules, weakness of infrastructure services such as medical centers, transportation, etc., extensive migration from inside and outside the province to these habitations, the establishment of heavy industries around these habitations, regardless of the characteristics of the structure, the high age of the building in some of the studied habitations, etc., has increased attention to the issue of resilience in these habitations. Given the importance of futurism has a significant impact on reducing the human and financial losses of human habitations, the question has been raised: What is the most desirable scenario to improve the resilience of new urban habitations in the Isfahan Metropolitan?   Methodology The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature, based on the new method of futurology, analytical-structural. Interaction / structural analysis is a method for analyzing the possible occurrence of an issue in a predicted set. Judgments about the potential for interaction between the predicted topics can adjust the probabilities of this. In this study, using 87 variables in the form of 6 dimensions, the interaction of the studied variables has been analyzed, and finally, using the identified key factors, scenarios affecting the resilience of new urban habitations in Isfahan urban area have been developed.   Results and discussion In this research, 54 possible situations have been proposed for 15 key factors. The number of states of selected key factors is between 3-4 possible states for each factor. From a total of 540 possible situations in the table of scenarios with high compatibility in this research, 99 favorable situations (18.33 percent), 69 static situations (12.78 percent), 124 situations on the verge of crisis (22.96 percent), and 248 crises (93.45 percent). The results of the application of Scenario Wizard software in this research have shown that there are 10040 scenarios for studying the resilience of new habitations in Isfahan urban area against the risk of earthquakes, and it is possible to use this number of extracted scenarios to forecast the resilience of the studied habitations. It is not acceptable, and they can only be used statistically. The extracted scenarios can be categorized into three general sections as scenarios with strong compatibility, weak scenarios, and incompatible scenarios. Out of the 10040 scenarios obtained in this research, 9999 weak scenarios, 36 incompatible scenarios and 5 strong scenarios have been identified. In order to determine the optimal scenario among the strong scenarios, an action has been taken. According to the conditions governing the 3 mentioned scenarios, scenario number 1 can be introduced as the optimal scenario in this research because it has 100% suitable conditions.   Conclusion According to the grouping of compatible scenarios, selecting the best scenario from 3 scenarios should be done. As mentioned in the previous topics, the scenarios of the second and third groups cannot be considered and cited due to having many problems; therefore, they should be removed from the review cycle at this stage. The only remaining group of scenarios is the first group, or the group of golden scenarios, which is in the best condition in terms of desirability. Since there is only one scenario in the golden scenario group, scenario number 1 of this research can be introduced as a favorable scenario for the resilience foresight of new urban habitations in the Isfahan Metropolitan. By examining the situation of scenario number 1 in the table of compatible scenarios, this result has been obtained that out of 15 situations, the development of geographical perspectives, increasing the LEVEL of awareness about the seismicity of the place of residence, identifying and dealing with dangerous factors, population density of 0-70 people, improving the LEVEL of social participation of citizens, increasing the LEVEL of social justice among citizens, the dynamism and development of economic and social activities, the development of intellectual and financial support for economic activities, the development of social capital, the improvement of the LEVEL of compensation capacities, the greater role of people compared to centers government during an earthquake, reducing damage caused by an earthquake, improving the LEVEL of performance of city managers during an earthquake, having a strong urban information bank and a large urban distribution have 100% favorability.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the employment competencies of educational graduates from the perspective of view of employers. This research was applied in terms of purpose and was among the qualitative researches of Grounded Theory type. The participants of this research included 24 employers in the field of educational (interviewers for the Education recruitment exam, directors of non-state educational institutes, directors and recruitment officers of non-state schools, directors of kindergartens and preschools) in Birjand city. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and analyzed by Strauss and Corbin method and using MAXQDA-2020 software. In order to validate the research, two methods of member control and peer review or feedback were used. Consecutive review and comparison of data resulted in the extraction of 28 categories and 6 themes. Data analysis led to the formation of a sub-theory. The model shows that the focal variable is the process of education and teaching skills. The focal variable, under the influence of contextual and intermediate conditions, leads to the formation of the strategies of "being a lifelong learner", "research skills", "planning skills", "classroom skills and classroom management", "purposefulness" and "problem solving skills". became Finally, "increasing employability" was the consequence of this process.