Introduction: Interlocking has been widely accepted for treatment of femoral shaft fracture. However, complications still exist. Numerous investigations have been carried out on earlier phase of fracture healing with interlocking nail.Purpose: In this research, a three dimensional model of bone with antegrade interlocking nail in post fracture healing phase during gait cycle is studied. Additionally, published results of others, obtained under different boundary condition, are discussed. Stress distribution pattern in femur with dynamised nail and static nail are investigated.Results: Three dimensional model of the third generation composite femur was considered in which simple stainless steel Gross Kempf femoral nail was inserted in the medullary canal. Simulation was performed with the assistance of Abaqus analysis finite element codes. Two different loading patterns were used in simulations: Simple loading pattern, and Full muscle loading.Discussion: Results were verified through simple analytical beam column model. Good agreement between analytical and numerical results was found. Results proved the importance of exact boundary conditions for interlocked femoral nail testing and simulation. Fifty percent increase in bone stress level after removal of proximal screw was observed.

The history of the new nailing method dates back to Gerhard Kü ntscher, who introduced this concept in Germany in 1940. He believed in two general principles: Stable fixation and fixation of fractures without opening the fracture site. In the beginning, primary nails with various weaknesses were only used in fractures of femur. Over time, effective changes were made in the design and insertion of bone nails. This article aimed to review the evolution of the design of nails and simple but significantly important principles of inserting nails in long bones. In any case, lack of adherence to these simple principles by surgeons leads to lack of desirable fixation.

Due to the important role in providing safe conditions for train movements, railway interlocking systems are considered as safety critical systems, hence it requires advanced formal modeling techniques and step-by-step development to ensure safety, quality and reliability of the system. State flow toolbox of MATLAB software is a convenient tool for formal design. In this paper, a new simulator of railway signaling and interlocking systems based on discrete-event dynamic is presented. with receiving the basic information about physical features and policies of railway network, this simulator models and simulates the interlocking system. The primary features of this simulator are facility in design and developing the interlocking system and its ability to test the new interlocking functions in it. The main innovation in this simulator is that the elements of the railway network are designed based on discrete-event dynamic and its ability to develop and communicate interlocking system with other railway traffic control systems. To evaluate the performance of the proposed simulator, we simulate the interlocking system of a railway station and line 2 of Tehran metro in this simulator.

Background: Reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing of the tibia is a procedure for the treatment of a non-infected tibial nonunion. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the outcome of this method as a treatment of tibial nonunion.Methods: Twenty-nine patients with nonunion after initial therapy for tibial fracture were retrospectively assessed after a reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing.The main measurements were derived from radiographic and clinical union as well as time from reamed nailing to union.Results: Twenty-eight patients achieved union of their fracture (97%). The average time from reamed nailing to union was 7.6 months. Serious complications included one severe infection in the site of surgery (3%) and one tibial fracture distal to the nail (3%).Conclusion: Reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing for nonunions of the tibia resulted in a high union rate and was associated with a low complication rate.This technique is recommended as a standard procedure for non-infected tibial nonunions.

Purpose- The present study aims to figure out whether audit market competition and large shareholders and auditor’s interlock(Interlocking) is associated with the quality of financial reporting or not.Design/Methodology/Approach- The auditor’s concentration is used for audit market competition for this study's purpose. The absolute value of accruals is employed for measuring the financial reporting quality. The required information is collected from 112 listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2012-2018 and analyzed using the pooled regression model.Findings- The study results show that auditor’s competition is associated positively with accruals and negatively and significantly with financial reporting quality. The findings also indicate that the quality of financial reporting goes up by declining competition in the audit market and increasing the auditors' interlock and large shareholders.Originality/value- In contrast to the conducted studies on different types of interlock, this paper has focused on the interlock of large shareholders and auditors in an emerging market with increased competition

Background and aim: Interlocking nailing and plating are two conventional methods of treatment of tibial-shaft fracture. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Method: This clinical-trial study was done on 90 patients with fracture of tibia and fibula. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The individuals in groups one and two treated with plating and interlocking nailing methods, respectively. The mean time of union, hospitalization and returning to work as well as thickness of callus, range of motion of knee and ankle joints were compared between the two groups. The data was analyzed using t-test. Results: The average time of bone union, hospitalization, callus thickness, time to return to work, range of motion of knee up to 130 degree, and ankle up to 50 degree in group one (plating) and two (interlocking nailing) were 4.8±0.2.5 months vs. 3.4±0.24 months (p<0.05), 5 vs. 3 days (p<0.05), 2.5±0.05 mm vs. 4±0.06 mm (p<0.05), 3±0.05 months vs. 1.5±0.06 months (p<0.05), 0.3.5±0.04 months vs. 2±0.03 months (p<0.05), 5.2±0.07 months vs. 3±0.04 months (p<0.05), respectivelyConclusion: Based on the results, interlocking nailing method is better than the other one and is preferred for fixation and treatment of tibial-shaft fractures.

Background and Objective: Femoral shaft traumatic fracture is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity. Nowadays, the standard treatment method in adult is reduction with femoral interlocking intramedullary nailing. This study was performed to compare the open and closed methods femoral interlocking intramedullary nailingin femoral shaft fractures treatment.Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 40 18-50 year old patients (33 men and 7 women with mean age of 26.3 years) with femoral shaft closed fracture who were referred to the Shahid Kamyab hospital of Mashhad, Iran during 2007-08. Patients were divided into two 20 membered groups of open and close femoral interlocking intramedullary nailing treatment. Subjects were followed for one year and the union time, infection and non-union level were measured. Clinical and radiological findings were analyzed using SPSS-13, Student’s t-test and Fisher's exact test.Results: 97.5% of union was obtained within six months in both groups. Full weight bearing was determined 6-12 weeks (mean of 9.3 weeks) in close and 12-16 weeks (mean of 13.25 weeks) in open reduction. Complications included non-union in open (one patient, 5%), infection in open (one patient, 5%), shortening in both (one patientin, 5%), limited range of movement in both (one patient, 5%) and malrotation in close (one patient, 5%) groups. Close reduction group showed higher rate of radiologic callus formation and earlier full weight bearing than open reduction group (P<0.005), but union rate was not significant.Conclusion: This study showed that there is no difference between final union rate of open and close reduction by interlocking intramedullary nailing in femoral shaft fractures.

Background: Reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing is considered the gold standard treatment for complex fractures of the femoral and tibial shaft. There has been some controversies about dynamization of statically locked nails, and some authors recommended routine dynamization for promotion of healing. This study aims to evaluate treatment of complex fractures in tibia and femur with static interlocking intramedullary nail method.Methods: In a retrospective study from January 2003 to April 2008, 173 patients with femoral and tibial shaft fracture that were treated with this method were enrolled. No rod was dynamized in our patients.Results: All patients with tibial fractures achieved union without any need for dynamization during 12-18 weeks (mean; 13.4 weeks). Four patients developed delayed union but all achieved union without any intervention. In femoral fracture, all but one patient achieved complete union during 10-30 weeks (mean: 18.3 weeks). One patient developed non-union who was treated by an exchange nailing and iliac bone graft method. No significant complication was observed in our patients.Conclusion: It is not necessary to routinely dynamize nails in tibial and femoral shaft fractures as all fractures united in acceptable alignment without any complication.

In 1984, Abaffy, Broyden, and Spediacto (ABS) introduced a class of the so-called ABS algorithms to solve systems of real linear equations. Later, the scaled ABS, the extended ABS, the block ABS, and the integer ABS algorithms were introduced leading to various well-known matrix factorizations. Here, we present a generalization of ABS algorithms containing all matrix factorizations such as triangular, W Z, and ZW . We discuss the octant interlocking factorization and make use of the generalized ABS algorithm as a more general approach for producing the octant interlocking factorization.