Wheat ground beetle Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is an important wheat pest in Iran and some regions of the world. This pest causes damage to wheat by feeding on the root, stalk, and leaves. Farmers try to control this pest by the foliar application of different insecticides, but this method causes damage to the environment. To find an effective method to control this pest, the thiamethoxam insecticide (Cruiser®) efficiency was evaluated using seed treatment in this study. An experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications was conducted in a field in Ramhormoz city, Khuzestan province (Iran). The treatments were 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for seed treatment, 2,000 ppm of diazinon by field spraying at the wheat tillering stage, and a control. The results indicated that the average plant density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (333.58 and 333.28 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (258.28 plant/m2) and the control (182.12 plant/m2). The average ear density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (513.78 and 506.12 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (321.22 plant/m2) and the control (260.86 plant/m2). According to the present results, farmers can use 150 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for 100 kg of seeds to control this pest by seed treatment.

Introduction. Toxaphene is resistant to degration and has been known as persistent bioaccumulator. In oder to understand the persistence and degradation phenomena of toxaphene in soil a series of tests were run. Methods. All experiments for dry and moist soil were conducted with 10 to 20 kg soil samples, contained in plastic tubs. The experiment was carried out in two parts. The five samples studied in each part are described below. Part I: "Dry samples". Soil control I soil amended with 10 percent gin trash/soil amended with 25 percent gin trash/soil amended with 10 percent gin trash and treated with 500 ppm toxaphene and soil treated with 500 ppm toxaphene. These samples were kept dry during the entire experimental period. Part II: "Moist samples". The samples were the same as described in part I, but they were kept moist by addition of water weekly during the experimental period. Periodically twenty grams of soil were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. Results. Chromatograms of dry and moist samples from soil containers (Part I and II) analyzed up to 12 months after initiation of the experiments showed that no toxaphene degradation or dissipation had occurred. GLC profiles of extracts of 12 months soil samples were identical to those of 0 dry samples and almost 100 percent of toxaphene was recovered in all samples after one year regardless of whether samples were dry or moist I amended or not. Discussion. The results suggest that toxaphene dose not undergo degradation in soil" under aerobic condition, so it can be a persistent insecticide in soil under environmental condition.

A simple method for the synthesis of octahydroquinazolinone derivatives in the presence of BF3.SiO2 and Insecticide activity of these compounds against spodoptera litura was investigated to be comparable to commercial pyrethroid insecticides, Cypermethrin and Cyhalothrin. The structure of the isolated compounds was characterized by 1HNMR and FTIR spectroscopy.The proposed method had some advantages such as high yield, mild reaction condition, ease of operation and workup, high product purity and green process.

Background: This study aimed to assess mortality and neurotoxicity caused by the pesticide organophosphate and its correlation with the type of poison and treatment in patients admitted to Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar City, Iran, in 2018. Methods: Out of 122 cases, 52 patients (43. 3%) were male, and 70 patients (56. 9%) were female. The Mean± SD age of the men was 32. 65± 29. 15, and women was 30± 15. 30 years. Results: Mortality in women and men was 10% and 17. 3%, respectively. Among treated people, diazinon had the highest frequency of 76. 4%, and among dead people from diazinon and malathion had the highest rates of 56. 3% and 43. 8%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of mortality in patients was 7. 3% (n=9). As most people with organophosphorus poisoning have been exposed to diazinon toxins; therefore, strategies to prevent and reduce exposure to this toxin are essential.

Louse is an external, obligate, blood-sucking parasite, which infects human societies.Improvements in health, economics, and social status of societies have reduced the parasitic lice infestation, however, it still is a global problem. Although it affects all age groups, school children are the most vulnerable age group. The high incidence of infection in children and their long-term close contacts transmit the infestation easily among them. In some parts of our country, organophosphate pesticides are widely used to control pests. Due to the ease of access to these toxins, poisoning with them are common and according to global statistics most deaths by pesticide are associated with organophosphate pesticides. Accordingly, we report 3 cases of a family from rural areas of Babol City. Upon being sprayed with an organophosphate solution, they developed severe organophosphate intoxication (OI) associated with central nervous system suppression.

Glutathione transferases(GSTs) are a diverse family of enzymes found ubiquitously in aerobic organisms. They play a central role in the detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds and are also involved in intracellular transport, biosynthesis of hormones and protection against oxidative stress. Interest in insect GSTs has primarily focused on their role in insecticide resistance. GSTs can metabolise insecticides by facilitating their reductive dehydrochlorination or by conjugation reactions with reduced glutathione, to produce water- soluble metabolites that are more readily excreted. In addition, they contribute to the removal of toxic oxygen free radical species produced through the pesticides action. Annotation of the Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster genomes has revealed the full extent of this enzyme family in insects. This mini review describes the insect GST enzyme family, focusing specifically on their role in conferring insecticide resistance.