Cells-In-Frames mechanism proposed by CIT in 1996 is an efficient way Local Area Network-ATM Network INTERCONNECTION. According to this mechanism, connection oriented services are supported by connectionless UN workstations. In this technique ATM cells are carried by LAN frames. Each frame may include one or more A TM cells, but any given LAN frame is associated with only one ATM virtual circuit. There have not been any careful studies of Cells-In-Frames behavior since its proposal in 1996. In this paper the Cell-In-Frames mechanism for Ethenet LAN-ATM Network INTERCONNECTION is first implemented, then its performance for data transmission is studied from various points of views in order to highlight its strong and weak points. Finally a novel technique which greatly improves its performance is introduced. The simulation studies show that the new technique offers significant improvements at a very little hardware and software extra cost.

Research Problem: Sustainable communication among the three elements of man, nature and architecture is an issue that most architects and researchers have sought to realize since the emergence of environmental and cultural problems created by modern architecture. What is considered in this paper is the ability to communicate correctly and efficiently between these three elements using the creation of INTERCONNECTION spaces. By connecting and detaching, mentally and objectively, the INTERCONNECTION leads to the proper connection of the body components with the design context. This element helps to unify the texture while helping to understand each space separately, by defining the hierarchy. Forming this relationship properly and appropriately can help sustain an architectural work. This feature in INTERCONNECTION doubles the importance of considering it in designing. Research Question: Howmuch can INTERCONNECTION spaces contribute to achieve sustainable architecture? Which design solutions can lead to sustainable architecture? Research Method: the method used in this paper is a descriptive-analytical way. Therefore, indicators of sustainable architecture and INTERCONNECTION space are introduced to investigate the impact of INTERCONNECTION spaces on the realization of sustainable architecture. In the present study, by identifying multi-dimensional features of INTERCONNECTIONs and adapting them to sustainable architectural indicators, the effective communication of these two concepts have been discussed. Since Mosques are one of the prominent uses of Islamic monuments in Iranian architecture, which has always been regarded as the core of Islamic cities because of their sustainable connection to the context, in this study, the mosque is examined as an example of interconnecting spaces that has led to its comprehensive connection with the context. Hence spaces such as ‘Jolokhan’, porch (Eyvan), Hashti, Revagh, and yard which create the connection and detachment of the mosque with its context are introduced exactly and in a period of time can be a pattern for Iranian architecture. The Most Important Results and Conclusion: INTERCONNECTION can play a role in all scales of design, from the micro to the macro, from structure to architecture, from voluminous concepts to details and decorations. Since one of the pillars of sustainability is the proper connection to the field-from various cultural, social, environmental, economic-aspects, with the correct design and proper alignment of the INTERCONNECTIONs, this connection can be properly formed and ultimately have a lasting effect. In order to summarize the proposed contents, solutions have been provided that generally refer to the characteristic of the INTERCONNECTION wall or the creation of INTERCONNECTION space which can be defined and experienced, including the attention to open and semi-open spaces to communicate flexibility of design and to reach a wider range of audiences, employing past successful patterns in space design, using technological or local methods for wall design, considering the maximum use of spaces and avoiding energy wastage for proper communication between design components and context through the creation of INTERCONNECTION space. These solutions can be implemented in different designs and in different forms and at different scales by comparing the design of sustainable mosques and the aforementioned solutions, we can say that due to the different aspects of sustainability in providing these solutions, considering them in the design process, sustainable architecture goals in other uses can be achieved to a great extent.

The general moral principles express universal values from which other values are derived. Many disagreements as to ethical theories have their roots in the kind of explanation given for these principles. There are six general moral principles (perfection, freedom, do-not-harm, public interests, desert, and justice) interconnected in such a way that none of them can be justified without explaining their relation to others. The principle of perfection ethically requires one to attain material and immaterial perfections. Freedom to achieve middle and final aims is defended by the principle of freedom based on principle of perfection. The limits of the principle of freedom are shown by the principle of do-not-harm. The principle of public interests helps people not to be deprived of public interests. Public interests are allocated by the principle of desert on strong grounds. Finally, harmony and balance among other principles are preserved by the principle of justice. Explaining general normative principles, this article aims to show their INTERCONNECTION from an Islamic standpoint by adopting a descriptive-analytic method.

Today, the social dimensions of urban space are more than ever considered by planners, and it is important to find the connection between spatial qualities and social concepts. Therefore, the theoretical basis of the present study was the desirability survey of people -space in informal settlements of Zanjan City, with its empowerment approach. Regarding the subject area and dimensions of the problem, the study was an applied one in objectives and descriptive-analytical in nature and is based on a future research approach. The results showed that social driving was an indisputable condition of people-space integration and empowerment of informal settlements in Zanjan. Intervening in this area will face serious problems to improve the quality of life and achieve sustainable development goals.

Soils are the outermost layer of the earth's crust, and they are closely interrelated with the formation of the land on which they are formed and developed. Therefore, any change in the geomorphic processes affects the soil-forming processes. "Soil geomorphology" is an assessment of the genetic relationships between soils and landforms. Although the relationships between landforms and soils have been investigated by researchers, a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between soil and geomorphic surface has been less considered. However, the soil-geomorphology relationship is a two-way relationship, and a question arises here is that how an observed soil can indicate geomorphic surfaces or landforms? Accordingly, the current research tries to examine this issue with the use of statistics and conditional probability. For this purpose, the geomorphic units of the central region of Isfahan were delineated using geopedology approach (Zinck method) and 344 soil profiles were analyzed, and the conditional probability of the existence of each geomorphic unit was obtained on condition of observation of different soils. The findings quantitatively showed that there is a strong and close relationship between soil development and formation and the geomorphic condition, so that some soils can be found only in certain geomorphic unit. In other words, the soil is an indicator/unique soil for the geomorphic unit. Due to the similar relationship between the geomorphical levels and the soil taxonomical levels, the diversity increased as the taxonomical levels increased from orders to the families. Also, the findings showed slightly in the study area that the effect of "landforms and topography" on the development and formation of soils is more than parent material...

In a petrochemical complex, transfer of the fluids essential for the production process, between different production units, with regard to the variety of raw material, semi-produced material, the final product and auxiliary material, is of great importance. This paper investigates methods for optimization of the piping layout in the main carrier channel connecting the production units. A mathematical model is first developed and optimal, heuristic and meta-heuristic methods for solving the model are described.

One of the important issues in the message passing multiprocessors is the routing method. With the increase in the number of processors in these systems the probability of fault increases and the use of fault tolerant routing is inevitable. The classical fault tolerant routing schemes that have been used in the Mesh INTERCONNECTION networks generally use the local information. This is because the local occupies less space and then the routing would require less computational efforts. With the today's technology, obtaining a memory for the global information on the INTERCONNECTION faults is not difficult. But still, the amount of computational processes is an obstacle for using the global information in the fault tolerant routing. In this paper a new scheme, which is called the arc analysis, is introduced for the fault tolerant routing purposes in the Mesh INTERCONNECTION networks. This new scheme, which uses global information, is capable of finding paths with the average shorter length than the classical algorithms.

Two new and efficient algorithms for evaluating the terminal reliability of parallel computer INTERCONNECTION networks have been proposed. Both the algorithms are based on multiple decomposition approach. The former is meant for reliability evaluation of multi computers while the latter is meant for multi stage INTERCONNECTION networks. Using the first algorithm the reliability of some important multi computer networks based on cubic architecture have been evaluated. The second algorithm is a modified version of the first one, which takes into account the topological advantages of multi stage INTERCONNECTION networks during the decomposition process. The terminal reliability of some important fault-tolerant multi-stage INTERCONNECTION networks has been evaluated using the second algorithm for the purpose of comparison. The complexities of the proposed algorithms are found to be highly polynomial in nature. The proposed method of multiple decomposition is compared with some similar decomposition methods. The simulated results confirm that the proposed decomposition method is much better than its counter parts. The generality of the proposed method is assured by applying the same to evaluate the terminal reliability of Alternating group graph which is also an important INTERCONNECTION network apart from cube like INTERCONNECTION networks.