There is no one-to-one correspondence between semantic roles and grammatical relations. Based on the concept of implicational hierarchy, some linguists have attempted to identify the relationship between grammatical relations and thematic roles. In this descriptive research, based on the Persian Proposition bank, Semantic Role Corpus in the Persian Language, and Persian Syntactic Dependency Treebank, the semantic hierarchy for different grammatical relations like subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement and object complement have been explored in the one hand and also the grammatical hierarchy for different thematic roles like agent, experiencer, cause, theme, stimulus, attribute have been considered on the other hand. The syntactic and semantic corpora above consist of approximately 30, 000 sentences and about half a million tokens. Observations showed that in the Persian language, among different kinds of semantic roles, the first candidate to be the subject is the agent followed by the theme, experiencer and cause. For the object position, the theme outranks the result which in turn outranks the topic and the recipient. In the direct object position, the most frequent role is the location followed by theme, recipient and destination; and finally, in the subject and object complement position, the attribute is the most frequent role among the other thematic roles in the sentences. On the grammatical hierarchy for thematic roles, subject outranks the object, as the agent and the experiencer; subject outranks the adjunct as the cause; triple preposition outranks the subject as the stimulus; object outranks the subject as the theme, and finally, the subject complement outranks the subject complement as the attribute. Apart from this dominant tendency, this research showed that there are other remarkable correlations between syntactic and semantic arguments; for example, the agent in addition to subject position can be placed in the direct object, indirect object, and even in the adjunct position. The appearance of experiencer in object position and stimulus in subject position is the other remarkable result.

There are many commentaries on light in its role as the subject matter of illuminative philosophy. According to Suhrawardi, light is a symbol of “consciousness” and “self-consciousness”. Therefore “knowledge” is the pivot of Suhrawardi’s philosophy. The fundamental issue addressed in this study is the evaluation of vision or intuition in the essential topic of Illuminationist philosophy, that is, illuminative knowledge. This article is an attempt to prove that just as Suhrawardi considers the illuminative “principle of vision” to apply to inner perceptions, he also applies the term “vision” or “intuition” (shuhud) to all levels of sensory, imaginary and rational perception, and also to intuitions of heart. The conclusion of this article is that according to Suhrawardi the reality of perception throughout the different levels of inward and outward perception is intuitive. Also, vision and mystical apprehension, on their most elevated levels, are vision and mystical apprehension of heart, constituting a higher level of knowledge than rational perception. The true illuminative knowledge finds its realization in this final stage of knowledge.

A mystic passes through the twisting and turning paths of mysticism in order to attain the appreciation of God and reach the nearness to Him as wellas monotheism. there For, he transcends the world of matter and travels in another world. In each stage of mystical hierarchies, the mystic receives some revelations form unseen world so that he can envision his beloved as light or in different colors. Mystics believe that light in means God, who is the creator of heavens and earth, and all the universies have benefited from His light.Based on their own mystical procedures, mystics like Eynolghozate Hamedani, Najmed din Kobra,Najmed din Razi, Molavi and Sheikh Mahmode Shabestari describe their mystical experiences about the reception of light and diverse colors of a world suprior to the material world. This article investigates the viewpoints these mystics.

Operation research and system architecture/architecting are two fields to tackle complexity. Both of them are widely used in various discipline. However, architecture/architecting is most dominant than OR to tackle complex problems. Survey on system architecture/architecting literature, show the lack of process of creating architecture. In this paper we want to compare fundamental philosophy of both in methodology level to show usefulness of Operation research approaches to create theory for system architecting/architecture. According to this, using categorical logic, different Operation research approaches-Hard Operation research, soft Operation research and critical Operation research-except Postmodern Operation research can be useful tools to system architecture/architecting. So in first step categorical propositions of system architecture/architecting and Operation research paradigms was extracted and then based on categorical logic they were compared. In addition, LISP programming language was used to standardize the writing. Finally, a summary of the results was presented in the form of a conceptual hierarchies of architecting and Operation research adapted from the conceptual hierarchies introduced by Paul Thagard. This conceptual hierarchies is representation of the relation between Operation research approaches and system architecting.

This study is intended to investigate lexical borrowing in Kalhori Kurdish. The main lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs were examined to find whether native speakers prefer to use native words or loan words (of Farsi). This study was carried out in relation to three social variables as gender, age and educational backgrounds. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 339 items was employed. The results indicate that in all lexical categories, native words (as apposed to loan words) are mainly chosen by the subjects in all groups. In addition, there is no basic difference in all investigated lexical categories. Almost the same amount of borrowing is reported in all lexical categories, while in all borrowing hierarchies (Treffers-Daller, 2010; Muysken, 1988; Thomason and Kaufman, 1988), nouns were easier to borrow than the elements lower in the hierarchy. The results of this study, however, suggest that the reasons for borrowing are beyond the position in the hierarchy. The importance of lexical gap in borrowing is identified as an alternative to hierarchical approaches in the present study.

The inadequacy of previous definitions of the concepts of subordinate or dependent clauses, and coordinate or consistent clauses, along with terminological Inconsistency, and considering all sentences containing relative clauses, complement clauses, and adverbial clauses in their construction as complex sentence in Persian language on one hand, and neglecting the possibility of hierarchical nature of clause linkage on the other hand causes a lot of dispersion in the definition of clause linking and complex sentence  in previous research. In Persian language, in many cases, especially in speech, linkers (conjunctions) are not overt, which make the coordinate clauses and subordinate clauses alike on one hand and similar to independent clauses on the other hand. Conjunctions or linkers in clause linkage are also place of dispute, covering an inconsistent collection its items clearly different from each other. To address these issues, in a descriptive approach, a spoken corpus of 4500 minutes of various programs of different television and radio channels of National Media of Iran, in the period of Khordad 1400 to 1401 were examined. For data analysis in this research, no priori theoretical framework was used, but based on the collected data, with a prototypical and hierarchical approach, a model proposed for the study of clause linkage and complex sentence in Persian language. To achieve this goal, definition for different kind of clause linkage presented in the first place, then two concepts of “Clause connection” and “clause relation” were distinguished. And a triple distinction was established between intra-clausal linkage (within the same clause), inter-clausal linkage (between two clauses), and beyond-clause linkage. The concepts of coordination, dependency and subordination, then re-defined. The linkers utilizing in each linkage are also specified. Then by determining same parameters for describing both the coordinate and subordinate clauses, hierarchies in clause linkage and complex sentence continuum in spoken Persian presented.

The purpose of this paper is to briefly introduce some word order typological hierarchies and show how they influence word order in contemporary spoken Persian. The framework for this study is Allan's 1987, which studies word order in English with special reference to the order of the constituents within the coordinated phrases. The selected hierarchies are the following: topic-comment; given-new; the universal sequencing conventions, definiteness and preferentiality; person, thematic roles and formal hierarchies.