For buildings to resist and properly dissipate energy during earthquake, suitable connections are those which allow plastic hings develop in beam neither connection elements or welds should fail or break, nor panel zone should be damaged during earthquake. Buttress connection is one that meets all such requirements. A full scale model of this connection is tested in the University of Berkeley. During the research the connection is modeled by finite element method with special consideration of post buckling effects and calibrated with experimental data. Two buttress plates in the top and bottom of beam as well as web stiffeners of beam and column are arranged in the form of a truss and created a rigid zone so plastic hinge is developed in the beam, the elements of connection do not fail, stress concentration in weldes is low and weldes do not damage during loading and plastic zone remained elastic. The effect of buttress plates in top and bottom and web stiffener of beam is studied. For studying, any of these plates are removed and under a new connection is loaded. The results show that if buttress plates are removed, even though plastic hing is developed in the beam but stress concentration is increased in the weld, connection zone is damaged and plasticity is developed in panel zone. If web stiffener of beam is removed, plastic hinge is developed in connection zone and the connection fails.

Delay in recovering the speed of the vehicle results in occurrence of the hysteresis phenomenon in traffic flow the disturbance. The fundamental theories to analyze the hysteresis phenomenon based on driver behavior asymmetry during acceleration, and deceleration phases are open research area and need more developments. In this paper, which is the review of recent efforts in understanding hysteresis; using a Newell`s car following model, are reviewed to study the effects of different parameters on the magnitude of the motioned phenomenon. Moreover, the hysteresis phenomenon based on aggressive and timid driver behavior was identified. Microscopic sensitivity analysis and its results are shown by considering a conducted research based on the modeling of the phenomenon by neural network, and optimizing hidden layers of the neural network using genetic algorithm. Furthermore, in non-stationary traffic flow by using the kinematic wave model in variable wave speed; the magnitude of the hysteresis was estimated by a gradual analysis of the speed- density relationship. The results showed that the shape of traffic hysteresis loops depend on the driving behavior. Also, Spacing and acceleration at the end point of the phenomenon are considered as the most effective parameters in the sensitivity analysis related to driver behavior. Last but not least, it was found that the hysteresis magnitude in the non-stationary condition resulted in the lowest amount.

The shear velocity is an important parameter in characterizing the shear at the boundary in open channels and there exist methods to estimate the shear velocity in steady flows, but the application and comparison of these methods to non-uniform unsteady flows is limited. In this study, three artificial triangular-shaped hydrographs were generated where the base flow is non-uniform with fine sand bed and the shear velocity was obtained by the methods, u*SV by using the Saint-Venant equations, u*L by using the procedure given by Clauser Method, u*Pby using the parabolic law, u*UN by using the momentum equation assuming the slope of energy grade line is equal to bed slope andu*avg by using the average velocity equation are used in this study. The stream-wise components of velocity time series and the velocity profiles were obtained by means of an acoustic Doppler velocity meter. The variation of the shear velocity and the constant for the parabolic law with time is discussed. It is concluded that the shear velocities found by the parabolic law and the average velocity equation can be used interchangeably. Furthermore a hysteresis intensity parameter is proposed in order to examine the depth variation of hysteretic behavior of depth variation both with point velocity and average velocity. It is revealed that the more the unsteady the hydrograph the more the hysteresis both in terms of point velocity and cross-sectional mean velocity.

In this paper, a double-band hysteresis current controller (DBHCC) as a new switching method in feeder inverter of a BLDC motor is proposed and implemented. Then, it is compared with the single-band hysteresis current controller (SBHCC). It has been shown that in the proposed method, the average switching frequency of switches is reduced compared to SBHCC by preserving other advantages. Thus, switching losses are reduced and the lifetime of switches is increased. In addition, it has desirable effects on reducing electromagnetic interferences and noise. In addition, speed control, torque, current ripple and transient states are investigated in both states. Three-phase reference currents for hysteresis switching are obtained using a PI regulator and integrating with output signals from Hall-effect sensors. BLDC motors are used widely in the industry due to more advantages in comparison with others. In order to drive this motor, a three-level cascade half-bridge voltage source inverter with constant DC link for each phase is used. Simulation results are obtained and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Antibiotics as emerging pollutants, potentially affect the environment and human health and their entry into the environment has created great concerns. To study the ciprofloxacin hysteresis phenomenon in the soil, the adsorption process was done with different concentrations of ciprofloxacin (0–1 mmol L-1) on a calcareous soil system. Then, the reversibility of the adsorption process was assessed through desorption experiments of ciprofloxacin-loaded soil samples. The concentration of ciprofloxacin was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). The experimental data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The results demonstrated the experimental data followed the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model due to the lowest value of error (SE= 0.24) and the highest value of correlation coefficient (R²=0.99). The exponent value of this equation (g) was less than one, so the adsorption surfaces are heterogeneous. Ciprofloxacin adsorption increased with increasing initial concentrations. The highest adsorption and desorption efficiency of ciprofloxacin was obtained at concentration 1 mmol L-1, 96% and 2%, respectively. The hysteresis index was 0.89 indicating low reversibility of the adsorption process or hysteresis phenomenon. The strong bind of the ciprofloxacin to the soil components leads to less degradability in soil and forms stable residues in the soil environment.

Understanding and quantifying the dynamics of suspended sediment transport is essential to control soil erosion and implement appropriate mitigation practices to reduce stream suspended sediment and on-site and off-site effects of sediment transport. However, the quantification and the interpretation of sediment hysteresis loops as fluvial and hydrological responses of the watershed to storm events has been less considered. Hence, the present study was conducted in three different regions viz. the Educational and Research Forest Watershed of Tarbiat Modares University in Mazandaran, the Galazchai Watershed in West Azerbaijan and the Daretefi Watershed in Kurdistan Provinces to investigate the dynamic of sediment hysteresis loops on storm wise basis. The results of analyzing 67 storm event hysteresis loops verified the variety of governing condition of all three study watersheds. According to the results, all of the sediment hysteresis loops showed flushing behavior but with different rotational patterns of clockwise, counterclockwise and 8-typed and complex. Despite of differences and more diversity in precipitation pattern, compared with two other study watersheds, Daretefi Watershed sediment hysteresis loops showed less variety and mainly with 8-typed and complex forms with frequency of 61.29%. Results also revealed a frequency of 44% for both clockwise and complex hysteresis loops in the Galaz chai Watershed and frequency of 53.33% for complex hysteresis loops in the Educational and Research Forest Watershed of TarbiatModares University. The results also showed that the sediment sources in the study watersheds were mainly close to the outlet with further emphasis on wash load contribution.

Appropriate design and usage of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), which has the ability of controlling the busbar voltage levels and transmission line power flows simultaneously; provide a suitable conditions to enhance operation of restructured power systems. In this paper, a novel control method using four degrees of freedom is represented for hysteresis based UPFC as well as a straight forward control method for series branch control system. Finally, the simulation results of the UPFC proposed in the paper in PSCAD/EMTDC software illustrates improved stability and power quality indices i.e. less overshoots and settling times, in comparison with other methods reported before.