Hypocrisy is described as the mother of evils in both Islam and Christianity. In scriptures of these religions, the HYPOCRITES are described as those who apparently profess to the two faiths but in heart they are either antagonistic to them or exploit them as means for satisfying their worldly desires. However, the evil becomes menacing when the HYPOCRITES claim a place in the political power structures. In the fourteenth-century societies of England and Fars (Shiraz,) due to the pervasive presence of hypocrite clerics and their significant influence both on the common people and in the power structure, the hypocrisy of these men was a major topic in literature of the time. In two masterpieces of English and Persian literatures of this century, that is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1342/43- 1400), and the Divan of Khājeh Shams-Adīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (1325- 1390), the hypocrite men of religion were prime target of ridicule and criticism. This article is an attempt to show that despite the difference in genre, the two works seem to focus on and highlight the same concern about hypocrisy and the HYPOCRITES. Moreover, in their treatment of the theme of religious hypocrisy, the two poets seem to have adopted some similar methods of characterization and focused on identical and shared features of the hypocrite men of religion in the Divan and The Canterbury Tales.

Hypocrisy was one of the most important issues and problems in the Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) era. HYPOCRITES were scattered in Medina, and they acted like true Muslims; so, the risk of alliance Between Muslims and the Prophet against the HYPOCRITES was very serious. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) took several persuasive behaviors to reduce the risk of joining Muslims to HYPOCRITES. Studying these behaviors can help achieving the optimal model of persuading public opinion in the beliefs and cultural areas. According to this assumptions, this study aims to answer this question: what are the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) methods of Persuasions in confronting HYPOCRITES. Obviously, answering to this question means extracting the optimal model of Persuasion in confronting political opposition. In order to answer this question, Quranic statements about the behavior of the Prophet (PBUH) with HYPOCRITES determined as the foundation of this study. Finally, by using the explanatory method, having ELM model as theoretical framework and searching its components in selected verses, the optimal model of persuading public opinion introduced and explained.

Considering the new teachings that Islam brought with it, from the religious perspectives, the social divisions appeared in two periods of Maki (Muslim, infidels, idolaters) and Madani (infidels, idolaters, HYPOCRITES, Muslims and believers). The Prophet's (PBUH) Hijra to Medina was the beginning of a new era in the history of Islam that led to the foundation of the newly established city-government of Medina. The issue of His succession was also a concern for this new political system. In fact, the issue of the Prophet’ s succession after his death caused the division of the society. One of the events related to this issue was Ghadir Khumm. The role of the HYPOCRITES, as one of the pillars of the new social structure which changed the meaning of Ghadir shouldn’ t be ignored. This research attempts to investigate the role of the HYPOCRITES in the issue of Ghadir Khumm, especially the issue of the succession of the Prophet (PBUH), through a descriptive-analytical method.

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: This study examines the behaviors of HYPOCRITES in Medina during the Prophet Muhammad’s era, positioning them as paradigms of an undesirable lifestyle. It integrates historical accounts, Quranic references, and prophetic traditions to identify detrimental behaviors and propose corrective measures for a balanced Islamic lifestyle. METHOD & FINDING: Using a descriptive-analytical methodology grounded in library and electronic resources, the research identifies ten traits, namely deception, rumor-mongering, duplicity, fostering doubts, alliances with non-Muslims, mockery, reproach, breaking covenants, false oaths, and defiance of the Prophet’s orders as reflections of hypocrisy. The findings underscore the significance of avoiding these behaviors to foster a lifestyle rooted in faith, morality, and social harmony.CONCLUSION: The study concludes by presenting practical strategies for achieving an ideal way of life based on adherence to divine commandments, thereby contributing to individual and societal well-being. This research extends existing literature on the Islamic lifestyle and highlights the enduring relevance of these lessons.

Discourse generally refers to the context of language in stages beyond the sentence. Discourse analysis is one of the tools for analyzing literary texts thatExamines the relationship between discourse-oriented structures and the prevailing social perspectives. Discourse analysis is about the study of literary texts in terms of linguistic structures and textual context and their coordination with situational context. The Qur'an, as a book of human law and program, has always been the subject of rhetorical and syntactic research, but from this perspective, less attention has been paid to it. This research intends to study the dialogues of the two faith spectrums of believers and HYPOCRITES with a descriptive-analytical method and from the perspective of discourse analysis and to examine the appropriateness and coherence of the text texture in different structures and its situational texture. The result of the research shows that the structure of this discourse including the external structure (including phonetic level, syntactic level and semantic level) and internal structure (including the content and emotions of the discourse) is appropriate to its situational context, That is, the negligence and negligence of the HYPOCRITES in the matter of jihad and charity of life and property is in the way of submission to God. The God in 11-14 of Surah Al-Hadid, presents a clear and tangible picture of the truth and the consequences of hypocrisy, in the position of encouraging the true faith and warning against hypocrisy. Analysis of the discourse of HYPOCRITES and believers Relying on Excerpts from the verses of Surah Al-Hadid.

Based on Islamic teachings, salvation and attaining human happiness is not possible without divine forgiveness. Asking for forgiveness is a blessing that does not belong to all humans; since divine forgiveness is realized in such a way that the servant (of Allah) can achieve it with the satisfaction of the right and the correction of his deeds, which is also possible with repentance. The sinner provides the means of forgiveness if he realizes his rebellion and knows that he has transgressed the divine limits and laws. The question that arises here is whether seeking forgiveness for infidels, polytheists and HYPOCRITES is permissible from the viewpoint of the Holy Qur’ an. This paper, which examines this issue with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library method, concludes that according to the verses of the Qur’ an, infidels, polytheists and HYPOCRITES are not subject to divine forgiveness and others are forbidden to seek forgiveness for them, and this prohibition is stated in some verses with emphatic negation, which is higher than direct prohibition. This prohibition also continues in their survival considering the prohibition of istighfar after death, in the first way and the drift.

The main goal of this research is to compare the personality of Muawiyah (son of Abu Sufyan) based on historical data and the characteristics of HYPOCRITES in the Holy Quran. Studying and examining historical reports, the authors in this research have tried to get a comprehensive picture of Muawiya's personality dimensions (cognitive, belief, tendency, moral and behavioral). This research has dealt with the conventional qualitative content analysis method of categorization and examination of relevant historical propositions. The results show that Muawiya, in the cognitive dimension, is plagued by ignorance, stupidity and misguidance; And in terms of belief, he was a denier of Islam, and in the field of orientation, he had a tendency towards God's enemies (polytheists and infidels) and supporting them was his main effort. His morals and corrupt behavior also tell the story of an infested field full of poisonous weeds, the result of which is confronting the manifestations of Islam and the Alawite religion. For this reason, his biography has a basic correspondence with the personality type of the HYPOCRITES in the Qur'an. Knowing this kind of personality of HYPOCRITES and opponents of the Islamic government can be a guide and opener for the rulers and officials of the Islamic system in facing similar incidents.

This study seeks to achieve an exploratory model of the management of the Holy Quran in relation to the maladaptive psychological behaviors of polytheists and HYPOCRITES using the data foundation method. Accordingly, first, the maladaptive psychological behaviors of these people, verbally and practically, were extracted, categorized and analyzed from the verses of the Holy Quran. To study the methods of mental management to find of unhealthy behaviors, , data were collected by studying the text of the Holy Quran from beginning to end and data analysis was performed in three stages of open, central and selective identification by referring to important Shiite interpretations and observing the rules and rules of interpretation. One of the results of this study is to explain the five inconsistent behaviors of "reasoning, projection, devaluation, ridicule and rationalization" among the polytheists, and the three behaviors of "reasoning, projection, reaction" among the HYPOCRITES. 10 Behavior Management Methods at Four Levels 1) Prevention-Prevention of Inconsistent Behavior, Awareness, Interpretation of Behavior, Deprivation of privileges and change of environment.

Upon assuming the caliphate, Imam Ali (AS) faced opposition from various factions that had lost their perceived gains during his 25 years of seclusion. Among these groups were the Qasitin, who, for more than two years, openly opposed and waged war against the Imam, forcing him to confront falsehood, hypocrisy, and deceit. Their rebellions led to significant divisions and bloodshed among Muslims. This research was conducted analytically and examined the words of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) in Nahjul-Balaghah about the Qasitin, their goal and method in their hostility towards the Imam (AS), and also the consequences of the formation of the Qasitin. The findings of this study show that the hypocrisy of the leaders of the Qasitin movement was certain. They, motivated by reaching the position of the caliphate as the highest political position and the treasury as the largest financial source of Muslims, sought to dominate all Muslim affairs so that they could destroy the religion of Islam. In this way, they used hard tools such as direct and proxy war and soft tools such as changing the concept of imamate to caliphate, psychological warfare, and arbitration. This movement led to the emergence of the Battle of Siffin and Nahrwan and subsequently created different ideological and intellectual schools of thought, each of which became a source of disagreement among Muslims.  

This paper aimed to study four translations of the Holly Quran using a comprehensive Appraisal theory approach by Martin and White (2005). In so doing, the Chapter Al-Munafequn (The HYPOCRITES) was considered as the source text and four English translations of the Holly Quran (Arberry, 1955; Irving, 1985; Shakir, 1999; Yusuf Ali, 1934) were considered as the target texts. The study used a corpus-based qualitative translation assessment design. The data collection was based on purposive sampling, and the data analysis was based on all the three sub-systems of Appraisal theory (Attitude, Engagement, and Gradation) based on a three point assessment scale namely ‘ +’ meaning acceptable, ‘-’ meaning unacceptable and ‘ ≈ ’ meaning relatively acceptable. The study comprised two research questions: (1) What are the choices made by the four translations of the Al-Munafequn Chapter and how can the translations be evaluated individually? (2) Which of the four translations is most qualified in terms of Appraisal theory sub-systems? To answer the first question, data were collected from each source independently and then evaluated and tabulated based on the appraisal theory. Regarding the second research question the following results were obtained: TT1 (Arberry’ s version) suggested acceptable translations in terms of the three aspects of Attitude, Engagement, and Gradation. TT2 (Irving’ s version) showed a fairly acceptable translation quality by fulfilling most of the Appraisal features of the original verse with several shortcomings. TT3 (Shakir’ s version) represented an acceptable translation as it dealt with many aspects of Appraisal in ST. Finally, TT4 (Yusuf Ali’ s version) showed a highly acceptable transfer of Appraisals in its translation. As a result, from among the four translations, TT4 (Yusuf Ali’ s translation) could be deemed as the most accurate version in translating the Appraisal sub-systems.