Coupling of meteorological models with distributed hydrological models and reducing uncertainties related to downscaling is one of the major challenges in flood prediction. This study with the aim of predicting floods, demonstrates possibility of coupling the WRF model with the WRF-Hydro model, which is a hydrological-hydraulic, distributional, and physical model. For calibration, the Kashkan watershed is chosen as the study area due to its high flooding potential. According to observational flood hydrograph in study area, two severe flood events in three hydrometric stations were selected for calibration. Based on sensitivity analysis, the parameters of infiltration control, surface retention depth, surface roughness, and channel Manning’ s roughness are considered as the most effective parameters. The use of these parameters will make it possible to calibrate the volume and shape of flood hydrograph to achieve accurate results. Afterward, Step by step method is used for determining the optimal values of parameters are identified in the sensitivity analysis. Poldakhtar station, located at the terminus of the basin is chosen for calibration for one event. In the next step, the calibrated model was evaluated based on the optimal parameters set for other stations and events. The evaluation results of the WRF-Hydro with optimized parameters verify the capability of the WRF-Hydro for simulating flood in the steep slope watershed after calibration. Moreover, the main characteristics of hydrograph like volume, timing and peak flow rate are simulated accusatively.

Water is a vital and irreplaceable material. Climate changes, population increase and life style changes have leaded to the increase of water demands. At the time being, the situation of water resources in all over the world is critical. However, some regions such as the Middle East and the south of Africa are more vulnerable. Hydro politics is a young knowledge which deals with the examination of water resources and finding solutions for water crisis. Since the solving of water problems is difficult for individual states, bilateral and multilateral cooperation seems inevitable. Accordingly states have to pursue active and dynamic foreign policy to overcome the challenges. Virtual water is one of the methods for managing the water problems in arid and semiarid regions. Virtual water means the smart import of water dependent food or goods according to relative advantage. Accordingly two strategies have been mentioned: 1) import of water dependent goods and 2) production of water dependent goods in watery regions with the common investment of arid and semiarid countries. The present paper is an endeavor to submit practical solutions for overcoming the water crisis in our country.

Agnew turbine is an axial flow micro hydro turbine which originally was designed and manufactured in Scotland. A number of these turbines have been locally installed at different sites. Regardless the fact that the original design did not perform efficiently. Because of lack supports, no research work has been under taken to improve its performance. Since this turbine has been considered for use in Iran, a new model of the turbine is made and tested. Later improvements were made on the turbine and tests were repeated. Test results indicated major improvements on the performance of the turbine, such as 23% increase if the highest efficiency point.

Geo-neurons analysis of Ghezel Ozan basin at the north west part of Iran by using the climatic statistics and information and Arc GIS, Surfer and excel soft wares has change to hydro-geo-neurotic analysis.In this article, for studying the neurotic system of drainage network, the hydrologic relations and climatic data were used. Whole of Ghezel Ozan basin, by considering its main tributaries, is divided into 56 sub basins. Topo-geo- neuron, immemorial geo-neuron and virtual geo-neurons, were identified in accordance with the structures of basin pattern and attrition surfaces. The results showed that about 3792 square kilometers, the solid precipitation in Quaternary glaciers blocked and in some other way have played a role in the transformation of heights. The dominant landforms of such a situation has been in form of glacier circus. At the downstream of such landforms, despite of appropriate slope, linear probing surface water has changed into glacier surface process and has created U-shaped glacial valleys and sometimes glacial act as the form of ice sheet and as general forms landforms that is named as virtual geo-neuron. The neurons of Yanki Kand and Qalah Chay has acted as isolated topo-geo-neuron by the climatic change of the region in Quaternary and melting of ice surfaces in middle of Ghezel Ozan basin. Zanjan Rood downstream, middle and along the Ghazal Ozan, of Bijar until Miyaneh is degenerative and amount of water they receive is much less than the water that comes out of them and if there exists no rivers such as Anguran Chay, Qalah Chay, Qranqon Chay, Ghezel Ozan were not, the river becomes dry completely.

The hydrocyclone has a very important roll in industrial separation. The consideration of its behavior is very important for design. In this investigation, behavior of water flow and particles trajectory inside a hydrocyclone has been considered by means of numerical and experimental methods, and results have been compared together. To have a numerical simulation, a CFD software was used, and for modeling flow the RNG k-e model applied. Finally, the effect of particle size on hydrocyclone performance has been studied. It was found that the grade efficiency and number of particle that exit from underflow of the hydrocyclone is increased when bigger particles is used.A series of experiments has been carried out in a laboratory with a hydrocyclone. Comparison shows that, there is a good agreement between the CFD models and experimental result.

Heat treatment of wood causes a number of chemical and physical changes in the wood. Usually these changes have been studied on massive wood. Under this conditions, the overlapping of lignin and carbohydrates structural changes results in incomplete interpretation of changes in the main constituents of wood. To elucidate the modifications of lignin, in this study the pure lignin was treated under hydro-thermal treatment conditions of wood and its modifications were analyzed by means of FTIR, 13C NMR and HPSEC. The results showed that the cleavage of etherified bonds increased number of free phenolic groups. This resulted in activation of lignin and led to more condensed structure of lignin. Consequently, the solubility of lignin decreased in organic solvents and its molar mass distribution increased. The results indicated that the some carbohydrates derivates such as furfural participated in the condensation reaction of lignin.

Nowadays, for managing coastal zones and littoral lands, we need accurate and updated information on hydrography of coastal areas. These data can be obtained by local measurements, airborne imagery and satellite data. Using satellite data is not time-consuming and expensive like than other methods, thus it is most economical method in the world. Unfortunately, this method is not developed in Iran, although it has many advantages. In this paper, the advantages of Landsat data have been taken to provide hydrographical maps after applying some specific image processing techniques. Landsat TM images were used.

Hydro screw is an axial micro hydro turbine of Archimedean origin. Due to ever-increasing need for clean fuel based and environmentally clean electric power, a research project was undertaken at IROST. In this study, the effect of spiral variable pitch on hydro screw turbine has been studied numerically. Based on the results, it was found that the turbine had the best efficiency with a spiral pitch of 1. 5. Accordingly, the small model of this turbine was made and tested in the laboratory. The results indicate that the numerical results of the calculations are in good agreement with experimental result, and therefore they can be used safely in the course of subsequent turbine studies. In summary, the results indicate that the maximum turbine output is between 62% and 68% which is about 30% higher than the constant pitch blade turbine.