In sturgeon, female-sex rearing is economical and Gynogenesis induction is one of the ways to achieve it. In Gynogenesis, an egg develops without the genetic influence of the male, or on the other words, it is a method of reproduction in which the offspring are formed exclusively from the genetic information of the mother. In this technique, the sperm used must be genetically inactivated. Rays such as X-ray, gamma (ionizing rays) or ultraviolet (UV) rays can be used to inactivate the sperm. Activation of embryonic development with genetically inactive sperm has resulted in the production of haploid eggs, which in order to diploidize must use physical shocks during the second meiotic division or the first mitotic division. In this case, all the offspring have maternal inheritance. It depends on the type of sex determination system, that amount of production of female offspring is determined. In sturgeons, the offspring sex determination is the responsibility of the mother, so by inducing Gynogenesis, both males (lower ratio) and females (higher ratio) are produced. Accordingly, artificial Gynogenesis could increase both the caviar production and prevent the extinction of these valuable species.

In order to induce meiosis Gynogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), spermatozoa genome was destroyed by Uv irradiation (2887 µw/cm2) and after fertilization with intact ovum, diploidy was returned by applying a thermal shock (27±0.5°c) for 10 minutes. Thermal shock was applied at 30 and 40 minutes after fertilization. Uv-irradiation was supplied from a germicidal lamp (30 w) with maximum intensity at 245 nm.Before irradiation; sperm was diluted with two kinds of solutions at a ratio of 1:4 and then subjected to 1,3,5,8 and 15 minutes of irradiation. Statistical design for comprising effects on 3 different treatment groups were observed as split split plot on Gynogenesis and split plot on haploid and randomized complete block on control. Golden color in rainbow trout was used as a marker for distinguishing gynogenetic offspring. Furthemore, for confirmed diploidy chromosome slides were prepared. The best performance was achieved in treatment of 8 minute irradiation and applied thermal shock of 30 minutes after fertilization, but there was no significant difference between the two solutions (P>0.05). The mean percentage Gynogenesis was 60.61% in the treatments of three replications. Nevertheless, 1000/0 Gynogenesis was achieved from 8 minute irradiation in the second replication.

In order to investigate the effect of two spermidine concentrations (0.5 and 1 mM) on in vitro Gynogenesis of six onion accessions from Khorasan province this research was carried out. Results showed that the highest and lowest percentage of Gynogenesis rate was belonged to M2 and M5 media, respectively. The highest (1.41) and lowest (0.33) percentage of gynogenic embryo were belonged to Roshnavand-e- Birjand and Sefid-e- Naishabur accessions, respectively. The highest percentage of plant regeneration was belonged to Roshnavand-e- Birjand accession in M2 medium culture. Ashkhane-e- Bojnourd and Dargaz accessions had the highest and lowest percentage of plant survival rate (81.25 and 49.8, respectively). Therefore, spermidine in two concentrations of 0.5 and 1 µ M, without other plant growth regulators, had no positive effect on onion Gynogenesis and should not be used instead of 2,4-D and BA. Combination of spermidine with other plant hormones could induce Gynogenesis in onion.

The response of six Iranian onion cultivars "Ghermez-e-Azarshahr", "Sefid-e-Kashan", "Sefid-e-Qom", "Dorcheh-e-Isfahan", "Gholigheseh-e-Zanjan","Tarom-e-Olya" as well as the effect of sucrose, maltose and glucose on in vitro Gynogenesis of these cultivars were investigated. The most responsive cultivar was "Sefid-e-Kashan"(3.34% of gynogenic embryo), while the least responsive one was "Dorcheh-e-Isfahan" (0.07 % of gynogenic embryo). Difference as to rate of embryo and plant regeneration among different culture media was highly significant. Embryo rate in F6S medium (containing sucrose) was three times that of in F6M (containing maltose). Chromosome count in meristem of root tips showed that 70% of regenerated plants were haploids (n=8).

Iranian onions have good characteristics, but in some of them the yield is lower than F1 cultivars. For this reason, production of hybrid seeds is important. There are many ways for producing inbred lines, but Gynogenesis offers the possibility to produce homozygous plant in very short time whereas traditional method takes long time. The aim of this research was to study the responses of six Iranian onion populations, Ghermez-e-Azarshahr, Sefid-e-Kashan, Sefid-e-Kamare-e-Khomain, Sefid-e-Qom, Dorcheh-e-Esfahan, Gholigheseh-e-Zanjan, and two Italian cultivars, Borettana and KLR (used as control) to in vitro Gynogenesis on two F6 and JAP media with two replications. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the two media on percentage of embryo rate, percentage of callus formation and percentage of hyper hydrated flowers and a high interaction (P<0.05) between media and cultivars. F6medium in comparison with JAP medium had more embryo and callus formation and hyper hydrated flowers. The highest percentage of embryo was produced by Gholigheseh-e-Zanjan onion, while the lowest by Sefid-e-Kamare-e-Khomain.

Based on IUCN criteria, sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) has been shown as vulnerable species. Its male sex is inadequate or absent in the most of propagation and rehabilitation centers of Iran. The aim of this study is the induction of Gynogenesis to produce male sterlet sturgeon using heterologous sperm. DNA of heterologous sperm from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) was damaged successfully by UV irradiation with 473 µ w/cm2 intensity and 90 seconds duration. The irradiated sperm mixed with sterlet sturgeon eggs to induce gynogenetic progenies of sterlet sturgeon. For this purpose, 15 minutes after activation, the fertilized eggs exposed to 34º C heat shock for 2 minutes. Gynogenetic progenies were verified by microsatellite markers (AFU68 and AFUG195) as only maternal heritability. Histological observations of preliminary gonads of gynogenetic progenies were carried out by biopsy method at 17 months-age. Results showed that gynogenetic progenies consisted of 76. 6% female and 23. 3% male. Regarding to female heterogametic sex determination system in sterlet sturgeon, this study showed that both female and male as pure could be induced by inactivated heterologous sperm and Gynogenesis.

Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum Taree group) has a special place in Iraninan's food chain. Many accessions by different characteristics have been cultivated and adapted in different regions of Iran. In order to investigate the breeding of this vegetable, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. For this purpose, 7 accessions of Persian leeks were selected. Various growth regulator componds2, 4 D at 0, 2 and 4 mg/lit and BA with 0, 2 and 4 mg/l were used in culture medium. The treatments were done on unopened flowers' umbrella and embryogenesis, regeneration and callus percentages of micro samples and the number of haploid plants were measured. The results indicated that Shadegan accessions in culture medium including 4 mg/l BA and 2 mg/l D-4, 2 had the highest Percentage of embryogenesis (12. 81 %) and regeneration (12. 6%). The highest percentage of callus (0. 51%) and lowest percentage of callus (0. 16%) have been observed in arak and shadegan accession, respectively. Out of 42525 flowers cultivated, 1001 embryo (2. 35%), 972 regenerate (97. 1%) and 946 plants (94. 5%) have survived. Eventually, seven haploid plants were observed. The highest number of haploid was observed in culture medium with 4 mg /liters BA and 2 mg/liters 2. 4. D. in Guilan accession.

Induction of Gynogenesis requires the spermatozoa with degraded DNA with high motility, simultaneously. In this study, to obtain this capability in Siberian sturgeon spermatozoa, UV radiation with a dose of 4257 j/m2 was applied. First, the seminal fluid was separated from the spermatozoa using a centrifuge, and then 10% of the sperm was prepared and irradiated with UV radiation for 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 seconds to obtain the best motility and percentage of DNA damage using the comet assay method in comparison with the control. Simultaneously, the fertilization ability of these sperms was tested in sterlet sturgeon eggs and the rate of hatched larvae. Based on the results, the best duration of irradiation of spermatozoa was determined to as 90 seconds. The DNA degradation rate was 32. 27± 1. 96 percent, the motility rate was 50% with forwarding movement, the fertilization rate was 52. 1± 0. 52 percent, and the egg hatching rate was 1. 1± 0. 11 percent. Therefore, genetically inactivated Siberian sturgeon sperm could be used in interspecific Gynogenesis studies in sturgeon. Either to producing offspring of all females or to protect their extinction.

In order to induced meiotic Gynogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), spermatozoa genome was destroyed by DV irradiation (10050 mw/m2) and after fertilization with intact ovum, diploidy was returned by thermal shock (28±0.5°c) in 15 minutes. Thermal shocks were applied in 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 minutes after fertilization. DV irradiation was supplied from a germicidal lamp (15 w) with maximum intensity at 254 nm. Before irradiation, sperm was diluted with two kinds of solution and then irradiation, was done at 10 minutes on magnet stirrer. Albinisms were used as a phenotypic marker for monitoring of gynogenetic rainbow trout offspring. Furthermore, determination of diploidy was confirmed by preparation of chromosome slides from larval stages of fishes. Results show that, best gynogenetic yield was achieved in treatment which using shock on 35 and 50 minutes after fertilization.

Background and Objectives Production of pure lines is one of the most important tools due to production of high-yield seeds. Pure lines can be produced in a short time using in vitro techniques and therefore, reduce several years in required time for conventional plant breeding programs. The purpose of this study was investigation of different concentrations of TDZ on production of haploid plants in cucumber ovule culture. Materials and Methods The experimental layout was conducted in factorial arrangement in randomized complete design with three replications in greenhouse and laboratory of Razi university during 2015-2017. Factors were two cucumber genotypes (Esfahani and Beit Alfa) and different concentrations of TDZ (0, 0. 01, 0. 02, 0. 03, 0. 04, 0. 05, 0. 06, 0. 07, 0. 08 mg/l). Unfertilized ovaries were harvested 1 day before an thesis and they were sliced into 1 mm cross sections under sterile conditions and placed on solid MS medium. Immediately after placing the unfertilized ovary slices of each genotype on induction medium, they were exposed to a thermal shock pretreatment at 35± 1° C for 3 days. The first visual structures formed after 3 days in culture. After two weeks of culture, the frequency of embryo formation was recorded. After embryogenesis, the embryos were sub-cultured in medium containing 1. 5 mg/L-1 GA3 and finally cultured in medium containing 0. 05 mg/L-1 NAA and 1. 5 -1 mg/L BAP for organogenesis. Results Results indicated a statistically significant effect at 1% among TDZ concentrations. Genotypes and interaction between genotype and TDZ concentration did not have a significant effect on embryo induction. According to the results of means comparison, M8 medium with the average of 23. 33 for Esfahani genotype and 20. 66 for Beta Alfa genotype had the highest embryo induction and M1 showed the lowest embryo induction for both genotypes. Ploidy level of calli and embryos were identified by Flucytometry assay. Haploid embryos were transferred to the regenerative medium. The chromosome content of haploid plants was doubled spontaneously in all regenerated plants. Double haploid plants originated from megaspore and they were equivalent to haploid, which relates to homozygosity and can be used directly in breeding program. Discussion The high number of embryos was obtained in high concentration of TDZ (0. 08 mg/l). Flucytometry assay is a way to recognizing ploidy level in plant tissues; thus it could be useful in choosing haploid tissue. Spontaneous chromosome doubling may occur via somatic cell fusion, endoreduplication, endomitosis and possibly many other mechanisms. In conclusion, the higher rates of embryo formation frequency achieved and doubled haploids obtained in the present study are promising for future work.