Subterranean canals are part of underground water in dried and half dried regions in IRAN and Gonabad for reason, mythological numerous subterranean canals, like ghasabe subterranean canal in this area is important. An accomplished study especially since 1982 up to day indicates that two original element in decreasing subterranean canals water. One improper operation is caused reducing the water level of underground sources and another phenomenon of universe climate' changes which its effect has appeared as severe drought in our country and is effectively the cause of decreasing water and reduction of underground water.Analyzing the descriptive correlation between climate and water field has been attributed and used by statistical method in this study. It has been recognized that there is a relation between cultivated level and water canals, so that during 1998 to 2007 that is nine years 23% water supply and %59 cultivated level has decreased as well and that 14% the immigration of villagers have been caused by decreasing canals water.

Gonabad area is an arid region where 19. 5 mcm of groundwater is annually extracted from 26 qanats. Six major qanats were sampled for hydrochemical and isotopic analyses to determine the origin and flow mechanism of the groundwater. The total dissolved solids vary from 524 to 2375 mg/l. The dominant water types are Na+-Mg2+-HCO3-and Na+-Cl-. The groundwater is saturated with regard to carbonate minerals and under-saturated with regard to evaporate minerals. This means that the composition of the groundwater is highly controlled by the dissolution of carbonate rocks. The deuterium and oxygen 18 isotopes signatures demonstrate the meteoric origin of the groundwater and the flow mechanism is direct infiltration of precipitation before evaporation through fractures in the limestone formations and infiltration of surface water in the coarse grain alluvial cones at the south of the plain. The groundwater recharge originates from an area between 2000 to 2700 m a. s. l. The groundwater of these qanats has depleted stable isotopes in the wet season due to recharge through the infiltration of precipitation and has enriched stable isotopes in the dry season due to recharge through the return flow of qanats and springs used for agricultural activities in the south of the basin.

Studying various aspects of the Iron Age culture of Eastern Iran and Khorasan based on comparative studies is one of the most important challenges of the Iron Age. In the current situation, the components and features of the Northeast Iron Age, focusing on Khorasan, due to lack of studies, have remained largely unknown and ambiguous, and the need for purposeful studies is strongly felt. Now, based on few studies and excavations in Khorasan, little evidence of Iron Age cultures has been identified and measured in a comparative approach with the important cultures of Central Asia (Yaz and Dahistan). Accordingly, in the Gonabad plain, which is located almost in the south of Khorasan and is limited to the Ghohestan cultural area, the Hesare Omrani site can provide basic information about the Iron Age of Khorasan. The Hesare Omrani, which is located close to the current city of Gonabad, has a main ridge that can be seen with a diameter of more than 800 meters, the distribution of cultural materials around it. Due to the vastness of the area in this study, by adopting a methodical surface study, cultural materials, which are mainly pottery, have been collected and interpreted in the form of Early to Late Iron Age cultures. The results of studies show that the clay traditions of the Hesare Omrani have a significant affinity with Yaz culture and its pottery species can be analyzed in the framework of Yaz culture I to III. This site has handpainted pottery of the early Iron Age and simple forms of wheel-making pottery of the Middle and Late Iron Ages. In addition, the settlement landscape alongside the current status of the remaining deposits in the context of Central Asian experiences shows human communities with a settlement and social pattern similar to its Iron Age.

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In order to efficiently manage groundwater resources, determination of the main sampling points is very important to reduce sample size and save time and cost. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the data reduction techniques that has an important role in identifying insignificant data. In this research, 22 wells of Gonabad plain with a statistical length of 10 years (2007-2016) were used. In the studied area, the annual average of 11 quality parameters of Ca, Mg, Na, EC, TDS, Cl, SAR, HCO3, SO4, TH, pH groundwater was investigated by using this technique to determine the quality effective wells in the aquifer of this plain. Using PCA, the relative importance of each well was calculated between 0 (for completely ineffective well) to 1 (for the very effective wells). The results showed that among the 22 wells in the study area, 7 wells were identified as the quality effective wells of Gonabad plain, which had a good dispersion in the region and could play an important role in reducing sampling costs.

Background and Aim: The scorpion stinging is one of the most important health problems in the world and poisoning by scorpion’s poison is considered a matter of some medical urgency. Therefore, it is necessary to become acquainted with the ecology and biology of scorpion’s species in any area. Few studies have been carried out regarding the scorpion’s biology; and laboratory studies are not comparable with the natural condition of this arthropod. The purpose of the present study is to determine the scorpions’ biology and ecology in Gonabad city in order to present some preventive health and medical strategies against scorpion stinging. Material and Methods: This study is a kind of descriptive and applied one which was conducted based on random cluster sampling method in Gonabad, Iran. In so doing, 218 scorpions caught from April to August (2008) were grouped based on the hunting area and then transferred to the laboratory in separate bottles containing alcohol 70%. And finally, they were identified using the identification guide for Iranian scorpions.Results: In general, 218 scorpion samples were caught from different zoogeographical areas in Gonabad. They were three species of Odontobuthus dorie, Androctonus crassicaud, Mesobothus eupeus from Buthidae family. The greatest number of the collected scorpions was from the desert areas with clay and sand and they belonged to Odontobuthus dorie (61%); and the fewest number belonged to Androctonus crassicauda (10%). However, the most abundant scorpions in both urban and rural areas belonged to Mesobothus eupeus (29%) and they had their most period of activity in June. Conclusion: Considering the different species of the hunted scorpions, it is necessary not only to inform the public but also to educate them on how to take preventive actions against scorpion stinging.

Background: Most of the dietary habits are formed during childhood and pursuing a correct and balanced dietary pattern is one of the most important factors in preventing degenerative diseases in adulthood.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 375 boy and girl students, ranging from grade one to grade five of primary school, participated through the stratified random sampling. The dietary information was collected through filling out Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ). Finally, the data were analyzed by using SPSS-16 software.Results: 88.3 percent of the children ate breakfast. The obtained dietary pattern indicated that consumption of food groups, including proteins, milk and dairy, fruit, and vegetables was lower than the recommended allowances.Conclusion: Considering the achieved dietary consumption pattern, compiled and extensive training programs should be designed to promote the knowledge level, insight and behaviors of parents and trainers.

This research was done to survey the dermatophytosis prevalence in Gonabad primary schools in relation with demographic features and health behaviors in the year 1378 in a descriptive - analytical method.Cluster sampling was used and schools were selected in a simple and randomly method.Results: In this Survey all infected ones on hairs of their heads and all other parts of the body as: trunk, feet, hands, face, groin and nails were not infected, then according to the prevalence of tinea capitis infection on the students head of girls and boys in Gonabad primary schools in year 1378 was equall to 3/4% that 27/6% of the infected ones stand for urban schools and 72/4% for rural schools and this infection prevalence was sequence 1/9% and 5% for urban and rural schools.79/3% of the boys and 20/7% of the girls were infected.The results also showed a meaningful relationship between tinea capitis infection and using common tools like: comb, towel, bed, hat and scarf, infection and the family size, and living area but it didn't show a meaningful relationship between a bath at home and bathing times with infection to the disease.Conclusion: In general the results shows that there is a meaningful relation between infection to . tinea capitis with lifestyle, health habits, demographic characteristics, direct contact of children together at home and school.Boys are three times more suceptible to Tinea capitis than girls, it's couse may is in more likely of injury in their head skin in playing and less attention of them for obeying of health principles in compare with girls. The existence of suceptible condition for infection in rural areas in compare to urban areas can be a vision for prevalence of tinea capitis in the students of rural areas. Then paying attention to health - education and school health, finding the infected people and curing them in rural schools of this city seems necessary.

Background and Aim: Infertility is a significant cause of anxiety among couples at the beginning of their life. This problem is not only a disappointing agent but also a destroying one that is effective on male or female personality evolution and their identification. This is to study the prevalence of women infertility, both primary and secondary in rural and urban areas of Gonabad and some demographic factors in a given population of women.Materials and Methods: An interview-questionnaire was used in this cross- sectional study in 2006. Our samples were 380 married women in age (15-49) who lived in Gonabad city. Method of women selection was in two stages, at first stage stratified sampling and at the second stage systematic method was used. The analysis of data was performed by SPSS. (p£0.05)Results: Among the 380 women contacted, (88.1%) reported no difficulties in having children. The prevalence of infertility was 11.9%. 6.5% women had primary infertility and 5.4% had secondary infertility. The prevalence of infertility in Gonabad city was 12.8% and in rural area it was 11.4%. There was not a significant difference between demographic data of women and period of menstruation.Conclusion: The prevalence of infertility in Gonabad city was 11.9% which is different with other studies, so it is necessary to survey in the case of etiology and other infertility factors.

Edwards syndrome or trisomy 18 is one of the rare types of chromosomal abnormalities. Since this syndrome is easily diagnosed during pregnancy and cases of legal abortion is considered Therefore, early diagnosis is important during pregnancy. this article is a report of a case of this syndrome in a female neonate born in Gonabad. Due to her multiple congenital abnormalities including: overlapping fingers, rocker bottom feet, low set ears, recurrent apnea, sever intrauterine growth restriction, prominent occiput, cardiac murmur and microcephaly, we suspected to this syndrome in Echocardiography was reported ventricular septal defect, patent dactus arteriosus, whole cardiac chambers dilatation and aortic arch anomally And after application of karyotype this syndrome confirmed.