Background: Stress, anxiety, and depression have been reported as very common comorbidities in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of smoking cessation on stress, anxiety, and depression in smokers with COPD. Methods: Three block-randomized controlled trial groups with a block size of 6 and 9 including guided self-change (GSC) (n = 19), nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (n = 19), and combined GSC-NRT (n = 19) with a follow-up of 29 weeks were considered in this research. Participants included elderly adult smokers with COPD. The patients carried out 5 weekly GSC counseling sessions and NRT for smoking cessation. Transtheoretical Model (TTM) questionnaire, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as well as the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) were evaluated over the baseline and 12 and 29 weeks following treatments. Findings: COPD participants with mean of 23 daily cigarette smoking completed the current study. The odds ratio (OR) of smoking cessation in GSC and GSC-NRT groups decreased more than NRT group. In addition, DASS, FTND, and the exhaled CO in GSC and GSC-NRT groups showed a better performance compared with the NRT group. Conclusion: The results showed that GSC and combined GSC-NRT therapy were significantly more effective than NRT alone. Also, the findings showed that GSC, NRT, and combined GSC-NRT were effective on stress, depression, and anxiety decreasing in smoking cessation. It seems that reducing smoking is associated with recovery in stress, anxiety, and depression in smokers with COPD.

Context: Guided self-change (GSC) is theory-driven based on cognitive-behavioral change models such as transtheoreticlal model (TTM) and can be applied with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for behavioral change of smoking in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) smokers. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the individual GSC, NRT, and GSC-NRT on smoking cessation of COPD patients. Settings and Design: This randomized clinical control trial study was carried out in Imam Khomeini Hospitals in Mazandaran province in 2016– 2017. Materials and Methods: Three-group block randomized controlled trial, comparing GSC (n = 20), NRT (n = 20), and GSC-NRT (n = 20) in smoking cessation and other related variables COPD smokers with follow‑ up to 29‑ week. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: The GEE model revealed that GSC reduced the odds of quitting smoking rate compared to the NRT group (odds ratio = 0. 31, 95% confidence interval: 0. 022– 0. 545, ES = 0. 20). Furthermore, the TTM questionnaire, the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, and spirometry variables were evaluated in the three groups. The recovery in nicotine dependency, the exhaled carbon monoxide and spirometry variables was more pronounced in the GSC and GSC‑ NRT groups than in the NRT over 29 weeks after the treatments. Cons (PV = 0. 009, ES = 0. 52), pros (PV = 0. 04, ES = 0. 12), experiential process (PV = 0. 005, ES = 0. 18), counterconditioning (PV = 0. 04, ES = 0. 12), stimulus control (PV = 0. 004, ES = 0. 19), environmental‑ reevaluation (PV = 0. 0001, ES = 0. 30), and habitual craving (PV = 0. 004, ES = 0. 19) were significant across the three groups. Conclusion: The interventions in the GSC and combined GSC-NRT groups were significantly more effective than in the NRT group in TTM variables, and GSC and combined GSC-NRT were equally effective in smoking cessation rate.

Under unbalanced grid condition, in a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), voltage, current, and flux of the stator become asymmetric. Therefore, active-reactive power and torque will be oscillating. In DFIG controlling Rotor Side Converter (RSC) aims to eliminate power and torque oscillations. However, simultaneous elimination of the power and torque oscillations is not possible. Also, Grid Side Converter (GSC) aims to regulate DC-Link voltage. In this paper, in order to regulate DC-Link voltage, an Extended State Observer (ESO) based on a Generalized Proportional-Integral (GPI) controller, is employed. In this controlling method, DC-Link voltage is controlled without measuring the GSC current, and due to using the GPI controller, the improved dynamic response is resistant against voltage changes, and the settling time is reduced. To improve the transient stability and Low Voltage Fault Ride Through (LVRT) capability of DFIG, Statistic Fault Current Limiter (S-FCL) and Magnetic Energy Storage Fault Current Limiter (MES-FCL) are proposed in this paper. The proposed FCL does not only limit the fault current but also fasten voltage recovery. The simulations are implemented by MATLAB software in the synchronous positive and negative sequence reference (d-q).

The effect of wind generator on sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) is being interested by increasing penetration of wind turbine in power systems, . Purpose of this article is to analyze SSR in a wind farm based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) which is connected to compensating series grid. A dynamic model for analysis of induction generator effect and Torsional Interaction (TI) has been utilized and simulated. The IEEE first benchmark model, is modified to include a 100 MW DFIG-based wind farm, is employed as a case study. three phenomena including a) series compensation level, b) the rotor speed, and c) effect of internal parameters of RSC controller on SSR are evaluated and the simulation results are analyzed.

With progressing technologies, green products are in competition with non-green products. In the real world, there exist many firms that produce green and non-green products. In this study, a green supply chain (GSC) with a supplier and a manufacturer is considered. The supply chain (SC) produces green and non-green products. Market demands for both non-green and green products are available. These products might be replaced with each other. If the demand isn't satisfied by green products, a hybrid production mode involving green and non-green products is chosen by the manufacturer. The government is considered as the leader of the game and fixes special tariffs(tax and subsid) for all products to control the market demand. A game theoretical model is formulated in four scenarios by considering the collaboration of members in the SC. The ideal prices of raw materials, selling prices, and demand for green and non-green products are calculated. A numerical example that consists of sensitivity analysis of some main parameters is presented to compare the outcomes of various scenarios. The results indicate that collaboration between supplier and manufacturer has a significant impact on the profit of GSC. Besides, Various consumer’, s priorities are covered in hybrid production mode. The results show that by choosing hybrid production mode, the profit of SC decreases and hybrid production mode has no positive role on profit of SC and membership. Sensitive analysis shows that increasing tariffs by the government causes an increase in summation profit function of GSC and profit function of a member of GSC. Moreover, the demand for non-green products increases.