The dried fruit of Terminalia chebula is widely used for its laxative properties. The objective of the present study was to examine the Flowability and compressibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder, subsequently developing its tablet formulations by utilizing wet granulation and direct compression technology. Initial studies on Flowability and compressibility revealed that the fruit powder flows poorly, is poorly compressible and mucilaginous in nature. The consolidation behaviors of the fruit powder and of its tablet formulations were studied using the Kawakita, Heckel and Leuenberger equations. Kawakita analysis revealed reduced cohesiveness hence improved Flowability was achieved in formulations prepared by direct compression and the wet granulation technique. The Heckel plot showed that the Terminalia chebula fruit powder when formulated using direct compression showed initial fragmentation followed by plastic deformation and that the granules exhibited plastic deformation without initial fragmentation. The compression susceptibility parameter obtained from the Leuenberger equation for compacts formed by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques indicated that the maximum crushing strength is reached faster and at lower compression pressures. The Tannin content (with reference to standard tannin) in fruit powder and tablet formulations was determined by UV spectrophotometry at 273 nm. The in-vitro dissolution study in simulated SGF (without enzymes) showed more than a 90% release of tannin from the tablets with in 1 h. The brittle fracture index value revealed that tablets prepared from granules showed less fracture tendency in comparison to those formed by direct compression formulation. From this study, it was concluded that the desired Flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder can be obtained by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques.

The dried fruit of Terminalia chebula is widely used for its laxative properties. The objective of the present study was to examine the Flowability and compressibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder, subsequently developing its tablet formulations by utilizing wet granulation and direct compression technology. Initial studies on Flowability and compressibility revealed that the fruit powder flows poorly, is poorly compressible and mucilaginous in nature. The consolidation behaviors of the fruit powder and of its tablet formulations were studied using the Kawakita, Heckel and Leuenberger equations. Kawakita analysis revealed reduced cohesiveness hence improved Flowability was achieved in formulations prepared by direct compression and the wet granulation technique. The Heckel plot showed that the Terminalia chebula fruit powder when formulated using direct compression showed initial fragmentation followed by plastic deformation and that the granules exhibited plastic deformation without initial fragmentation. The compression susceptibility parameter obtained from the Leuenberger equation for compacts formed by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques indicated that the maximum crushing strength is reached faster and at lower compression pressures. The Tannin content (with reference to standard tannin) in fruit powder and tablet formulations was determined by UV spectrophotometry at 273 nm. The in-vitro dissolution study in simulated SGF (without enzymes) showed more than a 90% release of tannin from the tablets with in 1 h. The brittle fracture index value revealed that tablets prepared from granules showed less fracture tendency in comparison to those formed by direct compression formulation. From this study, it was concluded that the desired Flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Terminalia chebula fruit powder can be obtained by using the direct compression and wet granulation techniques.

This study investigated the Flowability and compactability of the milled Ti-Cu alloys as a new version of  biomedical alloys used for fabrication via Additive Manufacturing. In this study, Ti- 50 at. % Cu powder was first milled for different durations, and the morphology, microhardness, size, Flowability, and compactability of the powder were assessed. The results indicated that while Flowability increased with prolonged milling time, compressibility decreased owing to a decrease in the plastic deformation capacity. The highest Flowability level was obtained when hard TiCu phase was synthesized after 30 hours of milling. Different linear and nonlinear compaction equations were used to investigate the densification response of TiCu powder in a rigid mold during uniaxial compression. Cooper-Eaton nonlinear equation was found to be the best fit compared to the linear equation. The contribution of particle rearrangement to the densification behavior was high, and it increased upon increasing the applied pressure. At pressures below 1200 MPa, the contribution of plastic deformation to the powder densification was negligible.

Background and Objective: Flowability is one of the most important physical characteristics of powders, and under given circumstances, affects a large number of industrial applications. Environmental conditions during the processing or transport including temperature, humidity, electrostatic charge and time can critically affect the Flowability of powders. The aim of this study was to investigate the spray drying parameters such as inlet air temperature, maltodextrin concentration and storage time on the physical and Flowability characteristics of spray-dried malt extract.Materials and Methods: In this study, a pilot-scale spray dryer was employed for drying the produced products. Process variables were inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration (DE=18-20). Maltodextrin as drying aid was used in 20, 30 and 40% (w/w) concentrations based on the wet weight of malt extract. Inlet air temperatures of 140, 160 and 180oC in a co-current regime with feed were used. The effect of production conditions and particle size on the Flowability indices (Hausner ratio, static angle of repose and compressibility index) during storage of the samples was investigated in a closed environment (RH=44% using a saturated solution of magnesium nitrate) (p<0.05).Results: Flowability of the powders was drastically reduced during the storage time due to the hygroscopicity. Furthermore, the results showed that by increasing the inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration, the particle size was increased, while stickiness and hygroscopicity significantly (p<0.05) were reduced leading to an increase in the powders’ Flowability.Conclusion: An inlet air temperature of 180oC and a maltodextrin concentration of 40% had the most contribution on the physic-chemical characteristics and Flowability of the powders during the storage time.

Magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) are the most developed kind of chemically bonded ceramics which form through the reaction of magnesium oxide and soluble phosphate salts. Therefore, study of different magnesium phosphate cement systems is considered important according to the type of phosphate agent used. In this study, effect of mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (MSP) on the properties of magnesium phosphate cement paste including setting time, Flowability, bulk density, apparent porosity, and pH were investigated. The type and amount of hydrated phases and how the cement is dehydrated are also determined by phase analysis (XRD) and Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). The results showed that the setting time and Flowability of cement containing di-ammonium phosphate is higher than the other two types. In addition, the XRD results indicated that the type of hydrated phase was the same for ammonium phosphate salts, while the use of monosodium phosphate would not lead to the formation of a crystalline hydrated phase.

The present project primarily aims to investigate the effect of synthesis method of the bioactive glass powder on the Flowability and structural stability of the pastes from it. In this study, 45S5 bioactive glass was synthesized by melting and sol-gel methods. The rheological properties, injectability, washout resistance, and behavior of calcium phosphate deposition formation in the simulated body solution after 21 days were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the cytotoxicity test was carried out, and its dependence on the concentration of the ions released from different pastes was evaluated. The bioactive glass powder prepared through the melting method was non-porous with a specific surface area of about 3 m2g-1 while the powder prepared by the sol-gel method was porous with a specific surface area of about 12 m2g-1. The values of the yield stress, viscosity, and thixotropy in the paste prepared by the sol-gel glass were higher than those of the sample prepared by melting method, and the injection force increased by about five times. Use of sol-gel glass led to the formation of pastes with lower washing resistance and for this reason, the dissolution and release rate of the ions from the paste containing sol-gel glass was higher than those of the same sample with molten glass. Increasing the specific surface area of the powder led to faster formation of the apatite layer on the surface of the samples; however, the rate of cell proliferation decreased due to the high concentration of ions in the environment.

Considering the importance of finding suitable substitute for cocoa powder, the effect of roasting process on physicochemical characteristics (pH, aw, WHC, OHC and colour parameters), compositional properties, some physical and thermal features (particle size, bulk & tapped densities, porosity, Hausner ratio, Carr index, repose angle and DSC); antioxidant characteristics and sensory properties of roasted soybean were investigated. The soybean samples roasted at 165 ○ C for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min, then milled and sieved (No. 40). Nutritional elements, Mg, Na, Ca, Zn, Cu and Fe increased during roasting. Repose angle, aw and moisture content decreased by increasing roasting time. Hausner ratio and Carr index of raw soybean flour were 33. 3 and 1. 51 respectively, they decreased to 28. 73 and 1. 40 after roasting for 12min. Study showed that raw soybean flour had a weak Flowability. L* as a time-temperature index at roasting process of foods (like coffee and cocoa) decreased by increasing time. Antioxidant activity results suggested that antiradical activity and total phenol content of roasted soybean flours increased by roasting time and a significant correlation between these two items were observed (P<0. 05). DSC analysis showed that flours had a high thermal resistance. Sensory properties evaluation showed that soybean flour roasted for 8 min, had a comparable total acceptance to cocoa powder.

Direct tableting has been renewed as a preferable process by simply mixing and compressing powder to save time and cost in comparison with granule tableting. Direct compression tableting as a technique has been successfully applied to numerous drugs on the industrial scale, although the success of any procedure, and resulting mechanical properties of tablets, is strongly affected by the quality of the crystals used. Good Flowability, packability and compactability are prerequisite for drug to be prepared by direct tableting. When the mechanical properties of the drug particles are inadequate a primary granulation is necessary. The use of spherical crystallization as a technique appears to be an efficient alternative for obtaining suitable particles for direct tableting. Spherical crystallization is a particle design technique, by which crystallization and agglomeration can be carried out simultaneously in one step and which has been successfully utilized for improvement the micromeritic properties of crystalline drugs. In this review, we will discuss how the micromeritic properties of the particles such as Flowability, packability and compactability can be improved by spherical crystallization technique.

Introduction: Biopharmaceutics classification system class  II drugs show unpredictable bioavailability based on their solubility. Unfortunately, very few products were manufactured by this technique owing to their poor Flowability and stability. The objective of the current investigation was used to improve the Flowability by surface solid dispersion (SSD; SD with surface adsorption technology) and improve the absorption of racecadotril (RT) under low pH conditions (i. e., in stomach) to show anti-diarrheal effect by reducing water and electrolyte secretion into the intestine. Materials and Methods: SSDs and physical mixtures (PMs) were prepared using various ratios of hydrophilic carriers (polyethylene glycol 4000, polyethylene glycol 6000, and Gelucire 50/13) and an adsorbent (lactose monohydrate). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, and dissolution studies (in vitro) were conducted to characterize SSDs and PMs. Results: Phase solubility curves represent AL type, indicating that the solubility of drug linearly increased with an increase in the concentration of carrier. Characterization studies indicated that no interactions between carrier and drug. Solid-state characterization showed a reduction in crystallinity that further supports increment in solubility and dissolution. The optimized formulation (SDG4) showed 99. 84  ± 1. 5% drug release in 15 min compared to RT plain drug (11. 95  ± 1. 72%). In vivo bioavailability studies of SDG4 revealed a significant (P  <  0. 05) increase in Cmax 65. 38  ± 1. 34  µ g/mL (1. 75-fold) with increased relative bioavailability (180. 22-fold) against the RT plain drug. Conclusion: Formulation of SD with surface adsorption method could enhance solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of RT.

Converting milk from liquid state into its powder form increases its shelf life. Milk powder can be stored even at ambient temperatures for about one year without considerable loss of its quality. Different kinds of milk powders have specific applications in food production. By improving quality parameters of milk powder, manufacturers are able to produce foods with more functional properties and higher quality. Microbial transglutaminase (MTGases) by intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of molecules between various primary amines, peptides and proteins is capable to modify food structure contain proteins. The aim of this study was to assay the effect of MTGases treatment of low fat milk (1.5 per cent fat) on Flowability of milk powder. For this purpose, five levels of enzyme concentration (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015 and 0.02 per cent) at three time-temperature conditions (35oC for 8 h, 40oC for 4 h and 45oC for 2 h) were applied. Results showed that enzymatic treatment of the milk led to a decrease in bulk and tapped density of the milk powder. Furthermore, as enzyme concentration increased, amounts of cohesiveness and compressibility of the milk powder were decreased. These condition resulted in a product with higher Flowability and quality. Based on results obtained from statistical analysis, the best Flowability with respect to the lower adhesiveness and compressibility of the product was achieved by enzymatic treatment of the milk at 45oC along with 0.02% enzyme concentration.