Background: Most Fleas infest their host temporarily then pass to another of the same kind, while others move from one to a different host species. Although the comprehensive list of Fleas reported from Iran, but there still exists considerable gap in our knowledge of zoonotic aspect of Flea infestation. The present study was undertaken to determine correlation between domestic animals and man as host of Fleas.Methods: The questionnaires on the base of Flea infestation of animals flock and animal care- man were prepared and distributed to veterinary stations of all provinces. A total of 553 questionnaires sheets and 168 Flea samples were collected from sixteen provinces.Results: One hundred fifty six specimens of Pulex irritans were collected from sheep, goats, cattle, chicken and human, which consisted of 92.8% of all recovered Fleas. Chickens infested by three species of Fleas including Pulex irritans (84.6%), Ctenocephalides canis (12.9%) and Ceratophilus gallinae (2.5%). Two hundred and eighty nine cases of animal and 244 cases of human infestation were recorded among the suspicious populations, the most prevalence of infestation was found in sheep and goat herds whilst chicken flocks infested with the lowest rate and cattle were infested moderately. The major health problem was occurred in farmers, animal care-men and their relatives. The observations showed they had different skin reactions to Flea's bites.Conclusion: The results showed that Fleas are approximately a widespread parasite of farm animals and it seems that they may play an important role in occurring of zoonotic infestation in Iran.

Four species of Flea beetles (Col.: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae), viz. Altica tsharynensis (Ogloblin), Aphthona pygmaea (Kutschera), Longitarsus pulmonariae Weise and Neocrepidodera interpunctata (Motschulsky), collected from the south of Caspian Sea are newly recorded from Iran. Host plants, localities and diagnostic characters of each species are given.

Background and Objective: Human Flea is assumed as the most dominant ectoparasite associated with transmitting diseases via biting humans. Insecticides are widely employed to curb this vector. Assessment of susceptibility level of populations to various pesticides is necessary for taking appropriate control measures.Materials and Methods: Subsequent to collection of human Flea from indoor areas of Khodabandeh and Mahneshan districts, located in Zanjan province from August 2013 to November 2014, the Fleas were kept under standard laboratory conditions. The samples were exposed to inconsistent doses of Permethrin and Lambdacyhalothrin and consequently their mortality rates were assessed after 24 hours.Results: Out of 1074 collected Fleas, 88.1% were Pulex irritans, 7.2% Ctenocephalides canis and 4.7% C. felis. Bioassay results gave evidence to homogeneity of study population. LD50 values of permethrin and lambdacyhalothrin were 288.40 - 295.15 mg/ cm2 and 21.87 - 24.54 mg/cm2, respectively.Conclusion: High levels of LD50 values of pyrethroides of human Flea in the studied area indicated the requirement for more attention of health workers to control the vector and further research is necessary to assess the resistance status of human Flea to alternative effective insecticides.

The study's main aim is to provide the results of therapeutic efficiency of Komfortis, Foresto and Fitoelita medical agents and chemicals used during Flea infestation among domestic cats. To obtain the aim of the study, the animals were divided into three groups of which ten animals were included. Clinical, hematologic, and special research methods were conducted. Blood sampling included three stages: before insecticides treatment, the intermediate interval of 15 days, and the final stage. It is discovered that Komfortis and Foresto have 100% therapeutic efficacy at all stages of Flea development and possess a long-lasting action during a Flea infestation. The morphological blood analysis demonstrates that the proposed medical agents hold no toxic or side effects.

Background and Objectives Flea beetles are the main pests of oilseed rape which the adult beetles cause damage via feeding on cotyledons and early leaves of crop. They gnaw small round holes into leaves, decreasing assimilation surface and slowing down plant's growth. Heavy damage at the early stage of cotyledons may destroy the plant. The critical period of damage on the crop is from germination and cotyledon stage until the appearance of 4–6 true leaves, later the damage is less harmful. Control of this pest mostly depends on using chemical pesticides via seed dressing and/or foliar application. This study aimed to estimate the effects of new chemical insecticides to control this pest in Iran. Materials and Methods To chemical control Flea beetles, the project was carried out in a Randomized Complete Blocks Design with six treatments and three replications in the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan in 2018. The treatments were alpha-cypermethrin 15% WDG, with two doses (300 g/ha and 150 g/ha), lambda-cyhalothrin CS10% (75 ml/ha), malathion EC 57% (600 ml/ha), thiacloprid OD24% (300 ml/ha) and control. Sampling and counting of the Flea beetles were done 1 day before and 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment via counting the cached beetles on yellow sticky traps (one trap in the center of each plot) as well as the active beetles in a 0.5×0.5m quadrate in each plot center. Fourteen days after treatment, the percentage of infested plants and leaf surface damage were measured. The beetle's mortality was calculated by the Henderson-Tilton formula. Data were analyzed with SAS ver. 9 software, and the means were compared using Duncan.  Results All insecticides showed a significant difference at 1% probability level comparing with control. Alpha-cypermethrin with 300 and 150g/ha and lambda-cyhalothrin in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces with 87.17,84.19, 81.66; 76.66, 86.12, and 76 percentage efficacies had the highest effectiveness in control the pest, respectively. Malathion in Mazandaran and Golestan with 24.59% and 22.66% and thiaclopride 14.01% and 19%, respectively, were less effective in controlling and reducing Flea beetles damage on the crop. Moreover, the percentage of infested plants was significantly different among insecticides 14 days after treatment at a probability level of 1%. Discussion Pest management of canola Flea beetles faces ecological challenges and severe dependence on synthetic chemical pesticides. Insufficient soil moisture, late planting, unsuitable planting beds, and hot and sunny days with dry winds in the early growing stages of canola in autumn increase the damage and reduce the green area of the field in a short time. Due to the unsatisfactory effect of biological substances and plant compounds on canola Flea beetles, chemical insecticides are one of the main options to reduce the population of this distractive pest in rapeseed fields. In various studies, in addition to chemical insecticides, biological compounds and botanical insecticides were tested to manage the control of pest. But in most cases, chemical insecticides were more effective. Therefore, determining the appropriate time for application and using effective insecticides are integral parts of the pest control strategy. This study's result showed that alpha-cypermethrin 15% WDG (150 and 300 g/ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin CS10% (75 ml/ha) could be used as new insecticides to control canola Flea beetles.

Flea beetles are serious insect pests of canola throughout Gorgan, Gilan, Zanjan, Khozestan and Markazi provinces. Attacking the plant at early stages results in considerable damages. The life cycle and seasonal population changes of the main species namely Phyllotreta corrugate, was investigated using sticky yellow traps and direct sampling methods in selected fields of Saveh region during 2002-2005. In addition, biological parameters were studied in laboratory conditions (23±2oC & 60±5% RH) simultaneously.The results revealed that the beetles overwintered as adult under the crop remains, appeared from early to late March in fields and started feeding on different cruciferous host plants. The adults completed feeding, mated, and oviposited individually or in small groups on the soil surface or one cm below it and in host-plant root area. In Saveh, new adults emerged on early June, when winter canola was under harvesting. These adults fed on newly emerged canola and crusiferous weeds for a while, then they aestivated until autumn, when fresh canola seedlings were available. The aestivated adults continued feeding on host plants until early December, when hibernation took place in the population due to climatic conditions. Based on the laboratory results, egg incubation, larval and pupal periods last 6-11, 18-28 and 8-15 days, respectively. This pest is monovoltine in Saveh region.

Background: Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Fleas (Siphonaptera) are the major vectors of pathogens threatening animals and human healths. The aim of our study was to detect the infestation rates of East Hedgehogs (Erinaceus concolor) with ticks and Fleas in Van Province, eastern region of Turkey.Methods: We examined Fleas and ticks infestation patterns in 21 hedgehogs, collected from three suburbs with the greater of number gardens. In order to estimate Flea and tick infestation of hedgehogs, we immobilized the ectoparasites by treatment the body with a insecticide trichlorphon (NeguvonÒ-Bayer).Results: On the hedgehogs, 60 ixodid ticks and 125 Fleas were detected. All of the ixodid ticks were Rhipicephalus turanicus and all of the Fleas were Archaeopsylla erinacei. Infestation rate for ticks and Fleas was detected 66.66 % and 100 %, respectively.Conclusion: We detected ticks (R. turanicus) and Fleas (A. erinacei) in hedgehogs at fairly high rates. Since many ticks and Fleas species may harbor on hedgehogs and transmit some tick-borne and Flea-borne patogens, this results are the important in terms of veterinary and public health.

Background: Fleas are important vectors of human and animal disease, and control measures for protection against their bites and Flea-borne diseases are necessary. Methods: The essential oils (EOs) of four native medicinal plants, Ziziphora tenuiore, Myrtus communis, Achillea wilhelmsii and Mentha piperita were isolated by hydrodistillation technique and analyzed by GC-MC. The repellent activity of EOs and synthetic compounds, DEET and permethrin, were assayed on human subjects against field collected Fleas. The effective doses of 50% and 90% of EOs and synthetic compounds were estimated by probit analysis of dose and response regression line. Results: Analysis of EOs revealed about 19 major components. All oils were found to be more repellent (ED50 range= 208– 955μ g cm-2) than DEET and permethrin (ED50 range= 27– 182x 103μ g cm-2). Thyme and myrtle oils showed high repellent activities and among the total detected terpenes, thymol (36. 26%) and α-pinene (32. 5%) were the major components of those oils respectively. Conclusion: Low repellent potency of DEET and permethrin against Fleas might be related to Flea olfactory system and further molecular and electrophysiological studies are required to conceive new ideas for the discovery and development of the next generation of repellents. Based on high repellent activity of thyme and myrtle essential oils against Pulex irritans further studies should be staged to develop their appropriate effective formulations. Likewise, field trials should be carried out to evaluate the operational feasibility and dermal toxicity over a long period.