One of the new methods of text analysis is critical discourse analysis. In this way, in order to derive the relations of power and ideology from the underlying layers of the text, in addition to paying attention to the phonetic, linguistic, and literary features of the text, factors outside the context, namely situational, cultural, and social contexts are also considered. The purpose of this study was to explore the verbal strategies proposed by Fairclough in Dorraye Nadere, to explain the role of these strategies or discourse patterns in shaping the specific style of the text, and to find the dominant discourse in the book based on the characteristics of critical discourse analysis. This study was conducted by using the content analysis method with an integrated method (both qualitative and quantitative ways). The statistical population of the present study was the full text of Dorraye Nadere book. The sampling method was randomly selected and the sample size was calculated based on Cochran’ s formula. The findings of the study indicated that the text of Dorraye Nadere has discursive structures so that power relations can be achieved in the lower layers. An examination of the Dorraye Nadere from the point of view of vocabulary, grammar, and cohesion showed that the characteristics considered in Fairclough’ s approach were within the framework of various formal values in this text. At the level of interpretation, the manifestations of temporal texture and the relationship between power and ideology were quite evident in the text ofDorraye Nadere.

Introduction Discourses have a two-way relationship with society, On the one hand, the ruling powers of the society attempt to form discourses aligned with themselves, and on the other hand, the discourses shape society's thoughts in the process of their naturalization. The critical approach of discourse pays attention to the relationship between ideology and power in society structures, especially cultural structures. The most prominent branch in this approach is Norman Fairclough's critical analysis of discourse, which deals with three levels: 1-description of linguistic structures, 2-interpretation of the context and context of discourse production, 3-explanation of the relationship between power and discourse in the text. Method This research is based on the approach of critical discourse analysis by Norman Fairclough and in a descriptive-analytical way, relying on examples of the text. Discussion Every ideology, in its structure, feeds on assumptions and value systems that are individualized in a person or group. One of the approaches of discourse analysis is to examine the relationship between power and Dominant and defeated discourses. Among the naturalized discourses in all societies are misogynist discourses. In this novel, the dominant discourse, using its power that it has institutionalized in the structures of society, based on the attitude of absolute valuation and religious and traditional beliefs, it places women in a lower position than men and through this gender valuation, it deprives women of their authority over their destiny and makes them under the guardianship of men., and then by naturalizing this ideology, it limits and controls women in all structures of society, including the family. On the one hand, with critical questions, the narrator enters into a conversation with the dominant discourse and interacts with it, and on the other hand, he tries to change its inhibiting elements in favor of his own discourse. The novel Shabhaye Bisetareh, which was written for teenagers, tries to make its audience think and ask questions in the face of this discourse. According to Fairclough's theory, the present research shows how anti-feminist elements flow in the heart of society and in the hidden layers of linguistic and social structures and how a teenager faces it. The author portrays the opposition of the two traditional and anti-traditional discourses in linguistic constructions, including words, pronouns and verbs that are ideologically charged, in the statements of the characters attributed to both discourses. Also, the process of making titles, which leads to the superiority of men and the inferiority of women in the traditional view, is one of the challenges raised in this novel. One of the elements of language that shows the ideological function of discourses is the naming process that the author used in the title of the novel to express his desired goal. The interpretation of a very beautiful paradox (starless nights), which is the name of the narrator and the central character of the story, on the one hand refers to the traditional discourse on the removal of “stars” and on the other hand, a symbolic interpretation of the evolution and awareness of “stars” in reaching it is one's rights that is associated with an image of a rainy and starless night. Using the war-torn atmosphere of the society, while showing the effort and ability of women to accompany men, the text shows one of the conflicts between these two approaches, Limiting a woman's role to the home and housekeeping is one of the common stereotypes in the traditional discourse governing the society in order to keep her away from social activities and as a result independence. The opposition and ridicule of the narrator's father to the activities of his wife and daughters outside the home, shows the devaluing of the role of women in social activities by the dominant discourse of the society, in contrast to the prominence of one of the figures of the tradition-breaking discourse-Mrs. Fahimi-in Roles such as the person in charge of the mosque base and his ability in martial training are an attempt that the text uses to neutralize the traditional attitude. The author also represents the reproduction of the traditional anti-feminist discourse by using several intertextualities that are suitable for the audience's age and questions it from the narrator's language. With the story of Khaleh Souske, it represents the historical position of Iranian women. Referring to the cartoon “Don Chuck Monogatari” is the author's attempt to break the society's sexist view and derogatory view of women and induce weakness, incapacity and fragility. The author's references to the book “A Room of One's Own”, which is a historical example of women's efforts to achieve their human freedom and is indicated and represented in the words of the narrator, emphasizes the need for women's independence and tries to underline the objectification of women. He asks questions and makes his audience think. The author uses the story “The Ugly Duckling” to show the rejection of the narrator by his family due to the violation of anti-woman laws. Finally, the narrator reaches maturity and self-awareness in his challenges against these beliefs and crosses the barrier. slow This metatext symbolically portrays the narrator's differentness and rejection, who represents all women in his position. At the same time that the novel shows the critical and questioning view of the youth in the face of the ideology ruling the society, it has implicitly shown its support for the anti-traditional discourse. Results The obtained results show that language constructions in the dominant discourse are associated with a harsh and degrading tone towards women. The author has used the war-torn atmosphere of the society, where anti-women attitudes have been more intense, for his novel, which can be generalized to the current society as well, and shows the transition from traditional discourses that consider the position of men to be higher than women. It still faces many obstacles that make this transition slow and difficult. Since the ruling power strongly supports the anti-women discourse, the social structure, including the family, is at the service of this discourse, which causes domestic violence against women and their escape from the home environment. The extent and power of the dominant and traditional discourse in the structures of society is such that even women have made and accepted obedience to men as a moral behavior part of their belief. However, the novel did not intend to completely ignore the traditions and positive values of the society, rather it sought to modify the traditional attitude by challenging the traditional discourse.

L’analyse critique du discours de Norman Fairclough est considérée comme l’une des approches, les plus jeunes de l’étude du texte. Cette approche multidisciplinaire étudie plus loin des formes linguistiques, les rapports du pouvoir et l’idéologie dominante reflétant la situation culturelle et sociale de la société. Fairclough propose d’étudier le texte en trois étapes: la description, l’interprétation et l’explication du texte. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à étudier la crise existentielle dans l’enfant de sable de Tahar Benjelloun, d’après les principes de l’analyse du discours de Fairclough. D’oùnous avons l’intention de répondre à une question essentielle: Comment la crise identitaire se forme-t-elle en rapport avec des actions sociales et des relations du pouvoir? Les résultats de la recherche s’appuient d’une part sur l’identité indéterminée et la crise existentielle des habitants du Maghreb pendant et après la colonisation et d’autre part sur l’identité indéterminée des femmes à la société marocaine.

The Statement of second step of the Islamic Revolution as a strategic plan issued by Ayatollah Khamenei on the 40th anniversary of Islamic Revolution of Iran. The discourse analysis of the statement can reveal the principles and values embedded in the ideology of the Islamic Revolution and detect the historical statements associated with the text. The main question of research is that what structures, contextual issues and textual relations are formed in the statement as well as mutual influences of the declaration discourse are based on which social and Institutional elements. This paper uses the critical discourse analysis method of Fairclough, in three parts of description, interpretation and explanation for undermining relations and ideological discourse of declaration. The analysis of vocabulary and grammatical properties of the statement indicates that the author is seeking to creation of an interactive dialogue and aims to illustrate the path of the goverment's future with explaining the spirit and noble ideals of revolution for youth and narrative of the difficult course of Islamic Revolution. The verbs used in the text indicate the author's absolute commitment to the statement and the clarity of the author's view of the worldview. the study of Intertextual fields, reflects the author's emphasis on self-efficacy and reminding internal and international events. In the study of the reciprocal effects of discourse with institutional and social structures, the statement has been dealt with "intellectual system of revolution leaders" and the impact of the declaration regarding the knowledge of the "Islamic community of Iran".

The discourse analysis is a change in the structure of interdisciplinary criticism. It’ s flagship, with its structuralistic attitude, is trying to reveal the hidden angles of texts. The purpose of the model is to redefine the power and ideology that reveals in the production of every text. By relying on the triangular stages of Fairclough, we can achieve the effective social factors in the creation of the author's worldview; the components that have been named as the assumption for the production of the text, on this basis, the author of “ Al Foghara” story has set wealth as the main axis. He describes the syntactic and effective structure of the story as a means of identifying the worldly governing of the people, that is wealth. The present study seeks to refute the latent ideology in the syntactic structure derived from the author's thoughts. Accordingly, the organization of the story not only indicates the lack of freedom of individuals in the community, but also represents the wealth as a hidden power, it does not mislead any creature.

Imam Khomeini is the father of the Islamic Revolution and is among the effective leaders in the history of the world, particularly that of the world of Islam. Given the cultural and ideological nature of the Islamic Revolution and the role of university in the formation of this culture, Imam Khomeini always had a special attitude towards university and academics and made many remarks about this issue. The objective of this paper is to study Imam’ s viewpoints about university from the perspective of Norman Fairclough critical discourse analysis. Content analysis has been employed and the focus of the research is on one of the remarks of Imam published in Sahifey-e Imam which is related to the research topic. The findings of the research indicate that two conceptual relations of collocation and contrast have most applications compared to other sematic relations. The highest discursive gaps belongs to activism the next belongs to time and space gaps. The concept of university has the highest rank in the beginning of the sentences and most sentences are intransitive. The analysis of explanatory level underlines Imam’ s depth of insight regarding this important social institution and shows that within Imam’ s intellectual and creedal framework, university is the origin and focus of social and cultural changes and the pivot of reform or corruption of the society as well as its development or retrogression.

Critical discourse analysis is a branch of linguistics that examines the relationship between text and the production of ideology. In his proposed model for text analysis, Norman Fairclough considers three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. The present article tries to examine Rumi's view on the stages of mystical journey through descriptive-analytical method. At the level of description, this study examined the use of nuclear words and semantic lexical relations and processes in Masnavi. At the level of interpretation of discourses of abandonment, the superiority of discovery and intuition, the denial of partial reason and the gradual nature of behavior and the need to obey the guide were identified as dominant discourses. At the level of explanation, it was concluded that Rumi reproduced the dominant discourses of his time in this regard and his view in this regard is in line with the prevailing ideology of his time.

Critical discourse analysis, as an interdisciplinary field, goes beyond examining texts at the level of sentences and words; indeed, it focuses on the contextual framework in which the text is organized. Norman Fairclough is one of the theorists in this field who considers three levels of description, interpretation and explanation for his theory. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study attempts to examine the three levels set by Norman Fairclough for the critical discourse of the four sections of Al-Khusuf novel. In this novel, Ibrahim Al-Kawni uses a combination of lexical repetitions, collocations, antonyms and conceptual and rhetorical metaphors. To explain the political, social and cultural conditions of the society, he also focuses on the foundations of realism and magical realism with references to various texts such as Quran, religious quotations, past poets, proverbs, folk idioms, and myths of the Sahara. He deals with anti-colonial discourse on issues such as the life of Tuareq tribes, the political, social and cultural unrest in the Libyan society during European colonialism, and the confrontation of tradition and modernity. The author mainly seeks freedom and change.

One of the pragmatic approaches in language that makes it possible to read religious texts as discourse is the critical discourse analysis approach. Considering the Qur'an's emphasis on the issue of “Jihad” and its relation to the concept of "war", there are many challenges in this field, including the promotion of violence and warmongering. Therefore, the analysis of the Jihad discourse in the Qur'an will provide a detailed explanation of the concept of Jihad, considering the social, cultural and value structures that the text is created in their context. Utilizing the descriptive-analytical method, this study investigates the jihad aspects based on the analysis of Fairclough’s critical discourse at the three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. It concludes that in the discourse network of Jihad in the Qur'an, considering the existing discourse system in the society of the Descendant Age, the principle of defense and fighting in the way of God is the central signifier of the discourse of Jihad that has redefined and changed a set of conceptual elements and values. The most important change is the reproduction of the power system in society and its redefinition under dual semantic and epistemic systems such as truth and falsehood, Allah and tyranny, and faith and disbelief. It defines a new value system and gives a new order to social relations. It also leads the audience to appropriate social action by changing and modifying thoughts and inner beliefs and drawing norms.

Despite the marginalization of women throughout history, their influence remains in ancient texts. The purpose of this article is to represent the role of women and their signs of activism in three anecdotes of Marzban-Nama based on Fairclough’ s approach to critical discourse analysis, and to find the answer to this question: did women, given the patriarchal rule in society, accept the status quo, or change it in their favor? If so, how did they do it and what were the components of this activism? In this study, Marzban-Nama has been examined at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation, and the signs of women’ s power and how they exerted their agency have been represented. Considering the cultural and social situation in Iran at the time of writing the book, the results indicated that women had access to a kind of latent power in these anecdotes and played an active role in the development of the anecdote process. In Marzban-Nama, women often played an active role by symbolizing prudence, wisdom, and morality. Based on the social situation at the time of writing or rewriting this work, while power inequality between men and women was evident, women had access to power as silent rulers and their active role in shaping the process of the story was manifest. In sum, many signs of women’ s power and agency were found in these anecdotes, such as having the right to choose, tact and decision-making power.