Foregrounding is one of the contemporary literary theories, which from a literary perspective to texts, in prose or verse, endeavors to explain and analyze those effective features and elements in the body of the discourse which rhetorically distinguish literary texts from ordinary ones. According to the Formalists, foregrounding is achieved through diminishing or increasing the rules. In other words, the poet or writer through ignoring some of the rules of the standard language or adding some other rules to it foregrounds the form of his language and separates it from normal language. Decreasing the rules occurs in the field of rhetoric but adding to rules takes place in domain of figures of speech. Fatimah, peace be upon her, in the well-known sermon of Fadak defends her legal rights and tries through her prominentdiscourse to guide the people who had ignored the rights of the household of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his progeny, back to the right path. Reflecting on the expressive and influential speech of Fatimah, peace be upon her, reveals the literary splendors in that discourse. Her choice of diction and the combination of words in the structure and fabric of her speech makes the text of the sermon separate from other text. Fatimah, like a competent orator, by infusing literary figures in her speech and making her discourse rhythmic and balanced increases the effect and value of her speech. This research attempts to analyze the sermon of Fadak from a literary perspective in the light of Foregrounding. Accordingly, the narrative text of the sermon is discussed on the basis of decreasing and increasing the rules and in consequence its literary magnificenceis analyzed and explained.

In the Holy Qur’ an, God uses various techniques and methods to highlight his intended concepts and meanings. In this way, he accentuates those concepts and places them in the hearts of the audience. Readers and people soon are attracted to those concepts through reading them or listening to them, and the training and guidance of human beings, which is the main goal of the Qur’ an, is achieved. The present study aims to identify and examine these words and the way they are chosen for foregrounding, to know the type of the foregrounded words, ways to foreground in the Holy Qur’ an, and to analyze their functions to reveal the semantic and conceptual weight of the Holy Qur’ an as well as its eloquence and miracle. The most important part of this descriptive-analytical research evolves around this point that for which group of words does Surah Ghafir, which is a Meccan surah, uses the method of foregrounding and why, and what semantic and emotional connotations are involved in the foregrounded words. The results of the research show that these cases are numerous and varied in the Qur’ an and include such functions as creativity and innovation, repetition and balance, synonymy and resemblance, and contrast and antonymy.

This paper aims at analyzing and investigating the foregrounded words and phrases in Akhavan’s poems. The foregrounded words and phrases are those which are not used in scientific language and the language of communication. The analysis of the words in Akhavan’s poems shows that he has used five kinds of words in his poems: 1) the words coined by him, 2) the words which are not used or rarely used in contemporary language, 3) mythical words, 4) colloquial words, 5) abbreviated words. Regarding phrases, two kinds of phrases have brought about the foregrounding in Akhavan’s poems: noun phrases and adjectival phrases. Akhavan has created skillfully phrases reminding the firmness of Khorasani epic phrases and this feature distinguishes the abovementioned phrases from the phrases which are used in daily communicative language.

Word repetition and substitution in the body of the text, are among the factors that cause alienation ion of the poets language. One of the distinguishing features of Monzavi’s poetic language is this “Word repetition”. Not only does this prevailing “word repetition” feature as the prominent characteristic of Monzavi’s poetry, and direct the reader’s attention away from the content of utterance toward its underlying message, but it also affects the semantic structure of his lyrics. It’s also note worthy that Monzavi has employed other literary and artistic elements, such as “contract”, Multiple meaning”, “taxis” and …, in addition to word repetition. The current study is after probing word repetition as of Monzavi’s resources in developing his poetic language.

Foregrounding is one of the most important topics in Russian formalism. This school examines the literary work according to the harmony and fit between form and content and analyzes the reasons for the beauty of the text in terms of literature and art. In this article, an attempt has been made to analyze Surah Noor by foregrounding method. It is worth mentioning that foregrounding is divided into two branches of parallelism and deviation. Types of deviation include: phonetic, lexical, syntactic, semantic, and textural. Each of these types examines the verses of the Surah in a precise, literary, and in-depth manner and determines the lexical and literary highlights and beauties of the Surah. These aspects that make the language more distinct and stand out are called foregrounding, which by this definition includes de-familiarization and highlighting. The research method is formalist criticism and its aim is to find the salient features of Surah Noor and analyze them based on the concepts of highlighting. The result of the research is that the concept of foregrounding has been used a lot and with excellent placement.

Attention to literary history and biography through writing Tazkira (biographies), especially during the Mughal Empire's reign in India, has been more prominent than ever. Biographers employed various means to enhance their books' literary status and demonstrate their power in creating a literary work. One of these means is the use of stories and narratives about outstanding characters. In order to better understand these narratives and measure literariness of their language, it is required to use such means as the study of linguistic foregrounding. According to Russian formalists, standard language defamiliarization leads to the creation of a literary text, and the means of defamiliarization is the linguistic foregrounding in two ways,extra regularity and deviations. Undoubtedly, the stories in biographies have been a proper platform for establishing the biographers' position as a writer aware of linguistic subtleties. This article seeks to display such literariness in the biographies.

Introduction: Seyed Mohammad Saeed Al-Haboubi is one of the contemporary poets who was born in Najaf in 1266 AH and died in 1333 AH. Al-Habubi's poetic themes were a description of nature and the sincere praise of religious friends and elders. His poetic genius along with the classical culture of Najaf granted his poetry a high position while avoiding degeneration. The present study examines the foregrounding in the divan of Mohammad Saeed Haboubi and helps the audience to better understand the concept of temporalization, stylistics and semantics. To express the ability and the art of grain in foregrounding poetic themes, verbal and semantic constructions are used. One of the aims of this research is to acquaint the audience with the formalistic aspects of the poet's poems, on which no research has been done yet. The poet, on the basis of imagination and emotion, brings up the repetitive words of the standard language to which the audience is accustomed in a new and fascinating way in the form of poetry. In his poetry, the change in the structure of syntactic sentences and devices gives new life to ordinary speech. The words acquire music and allitration that have a greater impact on the audience. Defamiliarization takes place in language too. The change in the prosodic weight of classical poetry to new poetry is one of the signs of abnormality. Poetry is a kind of de-familiarization in language, which, according to formalist theories, is divided into two categories: deviation and extra regularity. Jeffrey Leech has categorized these norms into two types: linguistic and semantic. According to Leach's theory, which novel element in Bean's poems has a higher value in semantic deviation? , what forms of stylistic and temporal familiarization have appeared in Habubi's poetry? , and how has the semantic novelty foregrounded the ambiguous words in his poetry? Methodology: No research has been done on the foregrounding in Habubi's poems so far. So, this article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the poet's abnormality in constructing forms of aesthetics and reviving words based on Leach's theory. The research method of this research is qualitative and descriptive using content analysis, which is done to objectively and qualitatively explain the content and concept of written texts in a systematic way. In the present article, the studied components are foregrounding, semantic deviation, deviation, extra regularity, and semantics of Seyed Mohammad Saeed Haboubi's poems based on Leach’ s theory. Due to the importance of foregrounding in the literature, this research is of significance. Results and Discussion: The subject of this research in the field of extra regularity is how the poet describes some elements of novel such as "ambiguity", "proportionality" and "repetition" to define "polysemy", "semantic network" and "phonology". In terms of rule-making, how did the poet use "archaism" to relate the text to ancient culture, and how did he use the words of astronomy to improve the music and the image? The research findings can be reviewed in several areas. The result of the research refers to the function of different types of "Equivoque " in explaining ambiguous words, motivating the reader and foregrounding the relationship between words and meanings. The poet has also used "archaism" in both literary and religious forms, using a variety of Arabic terms in the field of symbolism and astronomy to create poetic images. Lexically, the result of this research on "Al-Haboubi" poems refers to the dual relationship between word and meaning. The choice and arrangement of words in a poetic sentence indicates the semantic connection of the words with the history of the language of poetry. According to Leech's theory, "temporal deviation" in the form of "archaism" in his poetry has two religious and literary forms. The use of ancient words, in addition to recalling historical events in the reader's mind, has refreshed repetitive words. Regarding religious archaism, the common affairs of Muslims, such as Hajj, have a higher percentage than the other religious issues, such as the religion of the poet and the signs of unity among Muslims in monotheism. In literary archaism, he has referred to the words of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, such as Amr al-Qays and Zuhair ibn Abi Aslami. He also refers to the brilliant history of Arabic poetry and uses its methods to create novelty in the repetitive words of his time. Haboubi uses the words Arabic grammar and astronomy more than anything else in "Stylization". He used these words to create an imaginary rhyme array. In "Semantic Abnormality", he has used novel method for imaginative illustration and polysemy for the audience. Using an array of repeated letters and consonants, the poet has foregrounded the allitration of letters in his poem. He used observance better in poetry. In most verses, he has used a proportional array. It has become a semantic network of words to create a picture of a subject in the mind of the audience. Seyed Haboubi has used these devices to do foregrounding in poetry.

One of the important aspects that can be investigated in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is its linguistic delicacies and characteristics. As well as being of historical importance, the language of Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is also significant. Having a linguistic approach to Tarikh-i Bayhaqi, we observe highly frequent linguistic characteristics that have greatly contributed to the literariness of the book and created linguistic foregrounding. Foregrounding here refers to deviation from established linguistic conventions which leads to defamiliarization of language, an aspect of literariness of texts. Linguists consider deviation from norms (unexpected irregularity) as well as unexpected regularity to result in foregrounding. Drawing on Geoffrey Leech’ s theory of stylistics, we investigated 7 types of foregrounding in Tarikh-I Bayhaqi, namely lexical, grammatical, stylistic, semantic, historical, phonological and dialectal. The findings show that using neologisms and novel collocations, using archaic words and structures, using imagery, using Quranic verses and Hadith, drawing on Persian and Arabic literature, and using different types of linguistic parallelism have resulted in foregrounding in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi and turned it into a literary text. In his book, Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi has significantly utilized potentials of Persian language which enabled him to create a literary text – a text with various characteristics of deviation from norms as well as foregrounding. Masterfully drawing on phonological, lexical and syntactic parallelism, Bayhaqi has increased the musicality of his language, which has in turn increased the literariness of his discourse. While, according to Leech, deviation from norms is the means for creation of poetry, and addition of regularity is the means for creation of prose, it must be noted that in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi we cannot draw a clear distinction between the two. For example, while deviation from syntactic norms through repositioning sentence elements can add secondary meaning to the sentence, it can also contribute to poetic features and creation of musicality, or, as another example, deviation from dialectal and phonological norms does not create poetry. Employing novel and beautiful words and combinations, using imagery, method of collocating words, using archaic words and syntactic structures, using Quranic verses and Hadith as well as Persian and Arabic poems together with various types of parallelism and repetition, including repetition of vowels, words and syntactic structures, are among the features that have resulted in linguistic foregrounding in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi, transforming it into a literary prose. Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is among the few works in which the author has succeeded to significantly draw on the potentials of the Persian language and create a literary text.

Otherness is one of the methods of accessing hidden interests beyond the literary texts which through literary discourse analysis can be in direct relation to political science and sociology. Critical discourse analysis believes that each text is shaped by political and ideological approaches and the relationship between political issues and texts is not an accidental one. Laclauand Mouffe believe that in every discourse one can use two concepts of logic of equality and logic of difference to explain the relations of otherness present in literary texts. That is, in every discourse, a positive pole is foregrounded as“we”or ours, and on the opposite pole the negative side is introduced as“they”or “others”. Foregrounding and backgrounding are used in texts and discourse through language functions. Investigatingthis method in some of Khayyam's Quatrains we will find out why Khayyam has pursued a kind of polarization in his quatrains and also will realize how Khayyam, along with his philosophical views expressed in his Quatrains, has tried to suggest political and critical motives through his discourse.