The effect of adding isopropanol (ISP) to nitrogen as the fluidizing gas on the hydrodynamics of the FLUIDIZATION of hydrophilic titanium nanoparticles was studied. It was shown by the pressure drop method that adding ISP reduces the minimum FLUIDIZATION velocity. Wavelet transform of the pressure fluctuations of the bed was employed to identify the hydrodynamic structures. The energy of hydrodynamic structures was evaluated in each FLUIDIZATION mode. It was shown that ISP reduces the inter-particle attractive forces by replacing the hydroxyl group of the hydrophilic nanoparticles with an alkyl group. Energy and recurrence analyses were used to define the characteristics of FLUIDIZATION when adding ISP to nitrogen gas. The energy of macro structures increased when using ISP, having indicated a decrease in the number of bubbles and an increase in the bubble size due to the reduction of inter-particle attractive forces. The increase of the white local areas in the recurrence plots also showed the increase of the bubble size. The recurrence quantification analysis showed the increase of the larger-scale phenomena (i. e. bubbles) in the bed.

Canola is known as an important oilseeds crop throughout the world. Cultivation and subsequent oil extraction of this crop has gained substatantial development in recent years in Iran. Many parts of Iran (northern provinces) especially Golestan and Mazandarn are of high relative humidity during harvesting season as well as during storage periods. Spoilage and rancidity are problems more encountered in these regions. Decreasing grain moisture content to a safe level causes increased safe storage time as well as preserved quality. It would be highly beneficial for canola producer and processor in high relative humidity localities to use new methods of drying. In this research, fluidized vs fixed bed conditions were employed for canola drying at eight experimental temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100°C using a Lab. scale fluidized bed dryer. Effects of temperature and bed condition were investigated on the drying time and drying rate parameters. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) as the experimental procedure was employed with three replications. Results indicated that using fluidized bed technique increased the drying rate while decreasing the time needed for drying, this effect being more pronounced in temperatures of less than 50°C. For an instance, fluidizing of canola grains during the drying process caused energy savings while decreasing the drying time by approximately 32% at a temperature of 30°C as compared with fixed bed drying. This effect was less for high temperatures and was calculated approximately 27.8 % at 70-100°C. By increasing temperature, percentage of oil extraction of dried grains significantly increased while peroxide values of extracted oil remaining unchanged. Fluidizing favorably affected such quality factors as free fatty acids and color.

Accurate prediction of bed voidage is essential for the calculation of liquid side transfer coefficients in solid-liquid fluidized bed systems. A hydrodynamic model is used to predict the onset of aggregation in the fluidized bed systems. The bed voidage in the particulate and in the transition zone from particulate to aggregate FLUIDIZATION is a strong function of particle size and density, while in aggregative FLUIDIZATION the bed voidage is almost independent of the solid phase physical properties. The Hirata and Bulos correlation for the prediction of the bed voidage is fitted for the cases of particulate and aggregative FLUIDIZATION. The modified model predicts the present data and previously published data by other investigators with excellent accuracy.

To perform an experimental study of the hydrodynamics of fluidized bed and investigate the affecting parameters, a fluidized bed has been designed and fabricated. This bed consists of 212 to 800 microns silica sand in a transparent vertical cylinder with 14 cm inner diameter. It is fluidized by air at atmospheric pressure and temperature. In this research, at first the minimum FLUIDIZATION velocity for different sand sizes and bed heights are obtained. Then the effects of size and height on the pressure drop across the bed have been studied. Finally, the experimental results are compared with calculated values from existing correlations to determine the deviations of the predicted values. Results indicate that by increasing the particle size in the equal bed height, the minimum FLUIDIZATION velocity is increased, while the pressure drop does not significantly change. Also, by increasing bed height, the pressure drop is increased, while increase in the minimum FLUIDIZATION velocity is ignorable. Also, bed pressure drop changed linearly with bed height.

Several methods are used to decrease seed drying time and enhance the quality of dried seeds. In FLUIDIZATION methods, good aeration occurs during the drying process. In this research, conditioned seeds with 20% d.b. moisture content were dried at 30o, 40 o, 50 o and 60 o C using three bed conditions (fixed, minimum fluidized, fluidized). All experiments were done using a batch-type fluidized bed dryer and three replications. Temperature and bed changes in the dryer on canola seed drying kinetics were investigated.The cultivating properties of dried seeds, such as final germination percentage, emergence percentage, seedling leaf area index and seedling dry mass percentage were compared with naturally dried seeds as a control. Experimental results showed that temperature and seed bed changes had significant influences on the canola seed drying process. Suitable aeration was observed during and after minimum fluidized bed drying, which may save energy during the drying process. The fluidized seed bed decreased drying time more than 23% over the fixed bed. The fluidized resulted in about an 8% increase in drying time over the semi-fluidized seed bed. When the use of high temperature is limited for drying, FLUIDIZATION at moderate temperatures can a suitable alternative for drying heat-sensitive materials. Drying at 30° and 40°C using semi-fluidized beds is a good choice for drying canola seeds. It did not have harmful effects on the canola seed cultivation properties and kept them within standard limits.

In this sense, identity and the emergence of crisis have been one of the most important social and political concepts after modernity in sociological studies. This concept was considered as an element of social life after the industrial revolution and changes in the social life of modern humans. Cities, as the platform of social life, which have provided a distinct and new life for today's humans, have been influential in different aspects of the FLUIDIZATION of identity. Therefore, the main question of the current research is: How does the FLUIDIZATION of human identity occur in the context of the new city? The main hypothesis of the current research is: "The increase in the role of the new city in the identification of today's people has reduced the coherence and integrity of the identity, which leads to the fluidity of multiple identities". In this research, the ideas of the French thinker Henri Lefebvre about the city and space were chosen as a theoretical framework, and the data analysis method is the discourse analysis method of Laclau and Mouffe. The documentary method has also been used in the data collection method.