Objectives: To eliminate microorganisms that are responsible for pulpal and periapical infections and to prevent reinfection of the root canal system an effective chemo mechanical preparation by irrigants with sustained antimicrobial activity is beneficial. Hereby, we evaluated the residual antibacterial activity of MTAD after canal obturation at different time intervals.Materials and Methods: A total of 120 human single-canalled anterior teeth were selected. The root canals were instrumented to a standardized apical size. Among all, 90 teeth received final irrigation with MTAD and were divided into three groups according to their obturation materials; i.e. gutta-percha/AH26, Resilon/RealSeal SE and positive con-trols. All these groups were divided into three 1-, 3- and 6-week time interval subgroups. Thirty teeth as negative control had no final irrigation with MTAD, but were obturated with gutta-percha/AH26 or Resilon/RealSealSE. Dentin powder was prepared after 1, 3 and 6 weeks. Dentin powder was exposed to Enterococcus faecalis for 24h and then cultured. Colony Forming Unit (CFU) was counted.Results: Residual antimicrobial activity of MTAD in the teeth obturated with gutta-percha/AH26 was significantly higher than the teeth obturated with Resilon/RealSeal SE (p<0.001). It also showed a time dependent decrease in MTAD antimicrobial activity for all groups. The highest antimicrobial activity of MTAD was found in the 1-week positive control and 1-week gutta-percha/AH26 specimens. The lowest antimicrobial activity of MTAD was found in 6-week Resilon/RealSeal SE samples and then the negative controls.Conclusion: MTAD had antimicrobial activity even at the sixth week, although it had a time-dependent decrease. Resilon/EPIPHANY SE significantly decreased antimicrobial activity of MTAD at all time points.

Introduction: Endodontic surgery is a valuable option for maintaining patient's natural dentition when previous orthograde endodontic treatments fail to succeed. Proper rootend preparation and placement of a retro-filling material are recommended for successful endodontic surgery. The objective of this experimental study was to compare sealing ability of Resilon/EPIPHANY system, as a potential root-end filling material, with ProRoot MTA using both dye and bacterial leakage models.Materials and Methods: Ninety two single-rooted extracted human teeth were decoronated and prepared endodontically. Specimens were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=20) and four control groups (n=3). After removal of apical 3 mm and root-end cavity preparation, MTA, or Resilon were used to fill root end cavities. For bacterial leakage, specimens (20 for each experimental group, 3 negative, and 3 positive controls) were subjected to E. faecalis over a 70-day period. Methylene blue was used for dye leakage (the same in number as before). Using stereomicroscope (40× mag.) complete dye leakage was assessed after 72 h. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for bacterial leakage. The data was analyzed using t-test and Chi-square analysis (a=0.05).Results: All of the positive controls and none of negative controls revealed leakage.Result of log rank test showed no significant difference between MTA and Resilon in time of bacterial leakage at the end of the 70 days (P>0.05) There was also no statistical difference in complete dye leakage for both groups (P>0.05).Conclusion: Leakage occurred in both MTA and Resilon as root-end filling material but the difference was not statistically significant. Resilon might be noticed as a potential root-end filling material if good isolation is attainable.

Statement of Problem: Gutta-percha presents no adhesion to the tooth structure and SEALERs. Ideally, it should be replaced by a material that offers better sealing in the entire length of the root canal.Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the coronal microleakage of a root canal filled with different pairs of Gutta-percha (GP), Resilon, EPIPHANY and AH26.Materials and Method: For this study, 130 mandibular premolars were chosen. After decoronation and preparation of the root canals of the teeth, they were divided into four experimental groups with 30 teeth each and 2 control groups. Group one was obturated with GP and AH26 SEALER, group two with GP and EPIPHANY SEALER, group three with Resilon tips and EPIPHANY SEALER, and group four with Resilon tips and AH26 SEALER. All the groups were obturated, using cold lateral condensation. Micro-leakage was tested using a two-chamber bacterial method. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, using a Kaplan-Meier test.Results: The bacterial microleakage test showed no significant difference between groups (p =0.1718).Conclusion: It is concluded that, in vitro, the EPIPHANY obturation system is as good as gutta-percha sealed with AH26 when compared over 90 days of saliva storage.

INTRODUCTION: Blood contamination of the canal during preparation can be a major problem in endodontics; this may result in apical micro leakage. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of blood on apical micro leakage of a resin-based root canal SEALER (AH26) and a polymer-based root canal SEALER (EPIPHANY).MATERIALS & METHODS: In this experimental study, 50 decoronated central incisors and canine teeth were prepared by Ra Ce rotary system and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). Groups A1 and A2 were obturated by EPIPHANY/Resilon and AH26/Gutta-percha, respectively. The obturations were performed with a single cone technique after drying root canals. In B1 and B2 groups, the test groups, 0.02cc citrated human blood was injected into dried root canals and they were obturated in the same manner. Ten specimens were served as positive and negative controls (n=5).The apical leakage was measured by means of a computerized fluid filtration method after 1 day and 3 weeks. The data was analyzed by One-Sample K olmogorov-Smirnov, Independent Sample t-test and univariate analysis. Statistical significances were preset at a=0.05.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in apical micro leakage of the two SEALERs after 1 day and 3 weeks in dry and blood environment (P>0.05). SEALER and environment had no interaction (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Blood contamination has no significant effect on the apical micro leakage of EPIPHANY and AH26.

Introduction: Vertical root fracture inevitably leads to tooth extraction. Thus, root filling with obturating materials and SEALERs that can reinforce the tooth would be an ideal way to reduce fracture in root treated teeth. This study aimed to assess the fracture resistance of roots following the application of different SEALERs including EPIPHANY, iRoot SEALER and AH-plus. Methods and Materials: Fifty extracted human single-canal premolars without caries, curvature or cracks were used in this study. Tooth crowns were cut to yield 13-mmlong roots. Five roots were put in the negative control group and were left unprepared. Forty-five canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary files up to F3 and were then randomly divided into three groups based on the SEALER type (n=15). The root canals were filled using cold lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha and AH-Plus SEALER, gutta-percha and iRoot SEALER and Resilon and EPIPHANY SEALER, in groups one to three, respectively. The roots were then mounted in acrylic molds for fracture resistance testing and subjected to compressive load at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min until fracture. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA. Results: The mean fracture resistance was 673. 38± 170. 42 N in AH-Plus, 562. 00± 184. 68 N in iRoot, 708. 03± 228. 05 N in Resilon and 592. 59± 117. 29 N in the control group. No statistically significant difference was found between the experimental groups and the negative control group (P=0. 26). Conclusion: Application of AH-Plus, bioceramic and Resilon SEALERs did not change the fracture resistance of roots compared to that of unprepared root canals.

Background: This study aimed to compare the apical seal in teeth treated with gutta-percha and Bio-C SEALER, Endoseal TCS SEALER, and AH Plus SEALER using the single-cone technique. Methods: In this experimental study, 56 single-rooted, single-canal mandibular premolars were prepared using the Protaper rotary system. The samples were randomly divided into three groups of 16 and two positive and negative control groups and were obturated with Bio-C SEALER, Endoseal TCS SEALER, and AH Plus SEALER using the single-cone technique. The samples were divided into buccal and lingual halves using a diamond disc. The linear leakage of methylene blue from the root apex to the coronal- most part where the dye penetrated was observed and recorded using a stereomicroscope, and finally the data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance between groups with SPSS version 26 software. Results: The results of the study showed that the lowest dye penetration rate in the SEALERs studied was for Endoseal TCS SEALER (4.16±0.475), AH Plus (4.84±0.745), and Bio-C SEALER (5.77±0.597). The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in apical microleakage in teeth treated with gutta-percha and Bio-C SEALER, Endoseal TCS SEALER, and AH Plus SEALER by the single-cone technique (p<0.001). Tukey's test showed that there was a significant difference in apical microleakage of the SEALERs studied with the positive and negative control groups; also, a significant difference was observed in apical microleakage of Endoseal TCS SEALER with Bio-C SEALER and AH Plus SEALER, and Bio-C SEALER with AH Plus SEALER (p<0.05). Conclusion: Apical sealing in root canal–treated teeth with gutta-percha and Endoseal TCS SEALER provided the best results compared to AH Plus and Bio-C SEALER.

The history of Islamic mysticism falls into two pre- and post-Ibn Arabi periods. These two periods maintain fundamental differences in subject, language, and objective. One major disagreement is the difference in meaning and positions of the terms of mysticism. This paper intends to review one instance of such difference, i.e. the important discussion of “EPIPHANY”. In the first-period mysticism (practical mysticism), EPIPHANY is defined in an axiological aspect along with wayfaring. EPIPHANY is a manifestation of Truth in the heart of the mystic that leads him toward proximity with Allah, Who is the ultimate goal of wayfaring. In the second-period mysticism (theoretical mysticism), in addition to axiological aspect, EPIPHANY is defined in terms of ontology and via such concepts as holy emanation. In this paper, the important mystical works from the beginning, i.e. 4th century, to the 8th century have been studied carefully. In practical mysticism, Divine EPIPHANY plays an outstanding role in determining the rank of the wayfarer and in realization of the mystical qualities in wayfaring toward Allah and the ascension of the wayfarer to the stations of self-denial and monotheism. This research work has reviewed types of EPIPHANY and its role in the stations and stages of wayfaring.

Statement of problem: Studies have shown the effect of SEALERs used with master cones in order to gain better apical multi dimensional sealing. This goal is considered to be effective in treatment prognosis and blocking micro-organisms and limiting their activities. Applicable SEALERs should have advantages such as little dissolution and proper adaptation to periapical tissue. Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite are compounds that have shown significant effect in recovery of osseous lesions.Purpose: The aim of this study was to apply a mixture of these materials as SEALER, named Apatite Root SEALER, with gutta percha in root canals and compare its micro leakage with AH26 SEALER.Materials and method: In this experimental study 26 extracted single-root human adult teeth, with same size and without curve were selected. The apical third of roots were prepared by step-back technique and Race rotary files (6%) up to MAF# 40 and the coronal two thirds were prepared by gates gliddens. The canals were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite 5.25%. The teeth were divided in two test groups of 10 and two control groups of three teeth. Group A: Canals were filled with gutta percha & Apatite Root SEALER. Group B: Canals were filled with gutta percha & AH26 SEALER.The access cavities were sealed with Glass ionomer and then samples were placed in incubator at 37°C and 100% humidity for about 48 hours. After sealing the roots with two layers of nail polish and sticky wax except for the two mm of apical area, the teeth were placed in silver nitrate 50% for six hours and then rinsed and exposed to florescent light before floating in developing solution for about two hours. Specimens were sectioned longitudinally from buccal to lingual and examined under a stereomicroscope by 0.1 mm accuracy. The dye penetration level was measured and analyzed using T-student statistical test.Results: Measuring the samples showed that dye penetration in Apatite root SEALER group was more than AH26 group, which was significantly comparative (p<0.001).Conclusion: Since the resin-based SEALER (AH26) was more trustworthy and effective in achieving apical seal in comparison to the Apatite root SEALER, its application is more recommended.