In the present research, effects of a porous spur-dyke on the hydraulic characteristics of the flow in an open-channel have been numerically studied through non-linear Forschheimer model. The numerical simulations were performed in Flow3D package using RNG k-epsilon turbulence closure model. During simulations of the porous spur-dyke, suitable Friesheimer non-linear coefficients were determined for various cases with the sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis and comparisons of the numerical results with the results of the physical model showed that most of parameters are completely dependent to Friesheimer non-linear term and the proposed software range for Friesheimer nonlinear coefficient is not suitable. The results showed that by increasing of the porosity of the porous spur dyke, the flow velocity and also the effect area of the maximum velocity will decrease. Also, by increasing of the porosity of the porous spur dyke, the upstream water depth of the spur dyke will decrease and the downstream water depth of the spur dyke will increase. It was also observed that by increasing of the porosity of the porous spur dyke, the maximum value of the velocity decreases and the minimum value of it increases.

The study area is located about 30 km northwest of Maragheh in East Azerbaijan. The lamprophyric dyke intruded the Shemshak sedimentary rocks. Based on stratigraphic evidences, the age of dyke is probably Early Cimmerian. The principal minerals of the lamprophyric dyke consist of plagioclase (andesine -oligoclase), biotite (eastonite), phlogopite, olivine and clinopyroxene (diopside) with ocellar texture. The average chemical composition of clinopyroxene and plagioclase is En42.3, Wo46, Fs11.7 and Ab51.74, An30.92, Or17.34 respectively. According to the mineralogical and geochemical evidences, the studied lamprophyre samples are kersantite belonging to calc-alkaline lamprophyre.The plotted spider diagrams for the rock samples indicate the light rare-earth elements (LREE) and incompatible elements enrichment compared to heavy rare earth elements (HREE). The parent magma is probably generated from garnet lherzolite mantle with low rate partial melting. The studied lamprophyre dyke formed in intraplate and post collision environment which translocated possibly in basins and ruptures in related with fault systems.

The NW-SE trending Tarom Metallogenic Zone is located in the northwest of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Zone, from the tectonics viewpoint. This zone has been cut by main NW-SE trending faults and minor NW-SE, N-S, NE-SW, E-W as second-order faults. In this zone, some dyke swarms with different strikes and compositions are exposed and structurally have not paid sufficient attention. For these reasons, geo-information techniques including: Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images which were used to facilitate recognition and delineation of the different dykes; investigation of Google Earth™ with Being images for preparing an initial map of the dyke swarms and detailed structural analysis were also performed at the mesoscopic and outcrop scale. The results reveal that the shear zone between the Tarom and Zanjan faults with their Riedel (R) and anti-Riedel shear fractures were recognized as the main structural controls on dyke swarms of the area. Based on rose diagrams, the main sub-vertical dykes have a mean N120o trend which corresponds to the trend of one of the main fault-joint sets. Four sets of intermediate and mafic dykes, with Azimuth trend of, ≈ N030o, N060o, N120o and N150o and two sets of acidic dykes, N120o, N150o are exposed. Based on field studies and faults cross-cutting relationship, NE− SW mafic dykes are the youngest trend in the studied region.

Dolerite structures such as dykes and sills are the main target for groundwater exploration in Karoo Supergroup area which is the main stratigraphy unit in South Africa. Morgenzon Farm is one of the sites in Karoo Supergroup, including a dolerite dyke, which is interested here. Magnetization/susceptibility and resistivity of dolerite dyke are significantly larger than those of encompassing sedimentary materials. Therefore, low induction number electromagnetic (EM-LIN) and magnetometry approaches may be useful to its detection. EM-LIN is composed of three techniques: EM38, EM31 and EM34, with the latter being manipulated. Since both EM34 and magnetometry inverse problems are linear, regularized weighted minimum length solution algorithm is utilized for their inverse modeling, but with one main discrepancy: model weighting function for magnetometry method is attained from multiplication of depth weighting and compactness constraints, while model weighting function is only equal to depth weighting for EM34 approach. Recovered susceptibility and conductivity sections derived respectively from magnetic and EM34 data sets show high consistency. Inverted models represent a dolerite dyke in the middle of the profile with depth range of 4 to 15m.

The protolith of rodingitic dykes of Naien area are pegmatoidic gabbros, microgabbros, dolerites and fewer amphibolites. Textural features and thickness are effective parameters for rodingitization of these dykes. Slight thickness of microgabbro and pegmatoidic dykes have more undergone rodingitization and have passed the primary to advanced stages of static rodingitization (due to the presence of epidote, Prehnite and hydrogrossular, Mg-chlorite, tremolite and secondary diopside replacement minerals as well as dynamic rodingitization (Owing to the xonotlite, prehnite and pectolite vein mineral), while doleritic and amphibolitic dykes have only passed the primary stage of static rodingitization (due to the presence of epidote, Prehnite and hydrogrossular).

IntroductionThe Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt is one of the most active magmatic regions of Iran during the Cenozoic era. There are differing views regarding the tectonomagmatic setting of this magmatism; some attribute it to active continental margin magmatism, island arcs, post-collisional regions, and intra-continental rifts (Hassanzadeh, 1993; Shahabpour, 2007; Ghasemi and Talbot, 2006). The study area as the other sections of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Belt, is the area of Eocene magmatic activity. The geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks in the northeast of Tafresh are similar to those of magmatism in active continental margin subduction zones (Nasiri Bezanjani, 2006). In the eastern part of Tafresh, numerous dikes cut through Paleozoic and older sedimentary and volcanic units. K-Ar dating of these dikes indicates an age of 15.4 million years (Ghorbani et al., 2014). Babazadeh et al. (2022) have provided a U-Pb age of 17.5 million years for the mafic dykes. This study examines the petrology and geochemistry of the Mafic and intermediate dyke bodies located in the eastern part of Tafresh and discusses their tectonomagmatic setting.GeologyThe study area lies in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt. Cenozoic sedimentary-volcanic deposits unconformably overlie Upper Cretaceous marly limestones due to the Laramide orogeny, which uplifted the region. Eocene units comprise   alternating marine and continental deposits of volcanic flows, pyroclastics, and sediments.Marine transgression during early Eocene introduced marl-sandstone units (E1), followed by dominant volcanic activities forming basaltic to rhyolitic flows and pyroclastics (E2). Continental red deposits and marine green layers alternate. Later, marine conditions resumed (E3), forming sedimentary layers with green tuffs, while subsequent continental volcanic phases (E4) produced dacitic flows and tuffs. Renewed marine sedimentation (E5) followed, then thick terrestrial volcanic layers of andesitic-basalts (E6).Extensive dykes, mostly basaltic-intermediate, intrude older units, with U-Pb dating indicating Miocene age (17.5 Ma).Analytical method8 samples with the least alteration were selected for analysis of major and trace elements. The analysis of major and trace elements was carried out using the ICP-MS method (LF200 analytical system) at the ACME-Bureau Veritas Laboratory in Canada. For the study of the chemistry of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole minerals, 15 points were analyzed using an electron microprobe at the University of Milan, Italy.Petrography and mineral chemistryDiabase: These rocks display a doleritic texture with minimal groundmass. Plagioclase crystals dominate (70 vol.%). The other primary minerals include clinopyroxene and iron-titanium oxides, while amphibole, alkali feldspar, olivine, and apatite appear as accessory minerals. Secondary minerals, such as calcite, chlorite, and epidote, form from plagioclase and clinopyroxene alteration.Basaltic andesite: These rocks comprise plagioclase (60–70 vol.%), amphibole (10–20 vol.%), iron-titanium oxides (5–10 vol.%), and clinopyroxene (5–10 vol.%), with accessory alkali feldspar, olivine, and apatite. Phenocrysts make up to 40 vol.% of the total volume, primarily plagioclase and amphibole. Secondary minerals, including chlorite and epidote, are present in the groundmass.Andesite: The primary minerals in these rocks are plagioclase (70–80 vol.%), iron-titanium oxides (10–20 vol.%), and amphibole (5–10 vol.%), with minor pyroxene, alkali feldspar, and apatite in the groundmass. The matrix consists of plagioclase microlites and fine-grained oxides, with secondary minerals like calcite, epidote, and sericite.The clinopyroxene crystals are of the salite type, and the plagioclase crystals ranging in composition from labradorite to andesine. Additionally, the amphiboles are of the pargasite type.GeochemistryThe continuity of trends in Harker diagrams for the studied samples suggests a common origin. Increasing Na2O+K2O and decreasing MgO, FeOt, TiO2, Al2O3, and CaO/Na2O along with increasing SiO2 indicate that the crystallization and separation of ferromagnesian minerals (especially clinopyroxene) with feldspar and Fe-Ti oxides played a significant role in the magmatic evolution of these rocks.On TAS diagram, the samples are classified as basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite. Using immobile elements on the Zr/TiO2 versus Nb/Y diagram, the samples fall within the basaltic andesite field. All samples plot in the sub-alkaline field on the alkaline-subalkaline discrimination line. On AFM diagram, the samples lie near the boundary between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline series. Based on K2O versus SiO2, they range from medium-K calc-alkaline to low-K tholeiitic compositions.The chondrite-normalized REE patterns show enrichment in LREE relative to MREE and HREE, with flat MREE-HREE trends. The spider diagram normalized to the primitive mantle reveals LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion.Source and Tectonomagmatic SettingThe gentle slope between HREEs and MREEs in the REE pattern is consistent with the magma's origin from a spinel lherzolite mantle with little or no garnet involvement. Furthermore, in the Dy/Yb versus La/Yb diagram, the studied rocks fall within the range of melts originating from a spinel lherzolite mantle, and in the Nb/La versus La/Yb diagram, they lie within the lithospheric mantle field.Based on Nb/Th ratio versus Nb and the Ba/Nb ratio versus La/Nb, the studied rocks are located in the volcanic arc-related rocks field. In the Th-Hf-Ta diagram, the samples are placed within the magmatic arc-related rocks field. Also, based on the Nb/La ratio versus La/Yb, the samples fall within the active continental margin-related rocks field. However, in the Th/Yb versus Ta/Yb diagram, the samples fall within both the island arc and active continental margin-related rocks fields. Overall, the studied rocks display some characteristics to those of Island arcs and some others to those of active continental margins.ConclusionThe rare earth element patterns indicate that the magma associated with these igneous rocks originated from partial melting of the shallow lithospheric mantle in the spinel peridotite facies, with minimal or absent garnet involvement. Additionally, the observed characteristics in the incompatible element patterns, such as enrichment of mobile elements over rare earth elements and depletion of immobile elements, along with analyses in various geochemical diagrams, suggest their association with subduction-related magmatism. However, the studied rocks display geochemical criteria belonging to island arc as well as active continental margin magmatismThe intermediate geochemical features of island arc and active continental margin magmatism, along with other evidence including the association of these igneous rocks with a thick sequence of green tuffs and other shallow marine sediments indicate that the rocks under study originated in an intra-continental back-arc basin

Abstract In the design and construction of structures, especially water structures, and contact with any problematic soils, many issues and problems may arise during construction or operation, eventually leading to local destruction or destruction of the structure. Iran is one of the countries that, due to its special arid and semi-arid climatic conditions as well as its geology, many types of problematic soils are found in it, so the existence of this category of soils has been the source of many destructions and damages caused in There have been all kinds of structures, especially water structures in the country. To achieve the goals of the present research, tests were conducted on the soils of the construction site of Ramhormoz canals in three sections to identify the mineral type and morphology of the tested samples and to investigate the effect of different additives on the mechanical properties of the soil samples. The results of the research show that there are changes in the paste limit for all related samples, the lowest value for the sample with 5% lime is an increase of 3.58 and the highest value for the sample with 7% cement is an increase of 9.65. The changes in internal friction angle for all samples show that the lowest value related to the sample with 7% cement is equal to 0.1% increase and the highest value related to the sample with 7% cement is equal to 24.9% increase. INTRODUCTION In the design and construction of structures, especially water structures, and contact with any problematic soils, many issues and problems may arise during construction or operation, eventually leading to local destruction or destruction of the structure. Iran is one of the countries that, due to its special arid and semi-arid climatic conditions as well as its geology, many types of problematic soils are found in it, so the existence of this category of soils has been the source of many destructions and damages caused in There have been all kinds of structures, especially water structures in the country. METHOD AND MATERIAL To achieve the objectives of the present research, field sampling was done after studying the previous research, and then relevant laboratory studies were carried out by transferring the prepared samples to the laboratory. Laboratory studies of the current research in three sections: mineralogy of samples with XRD device, morphology of samples with SEM device; and Granulation of the samples was done by LPSA method. For sampling for the present research, data collection was done from the Ramhormoz region located in Khuzestan province, which has chalk soils and is the place where various water transfer structures are implemented. In this research, manual boreholes were dug from a depth of -30 (minus 30 cm) from the base level to a depth of -60 (minus 60 cm) and the information about the state of the soil layer was obtained by sampling the mentioned boreholes by performing the necessary tests. From the soil composition that was sampled from the mentioned places with 3 types of solid materials including: a- The combination of soil with type 2 cement with a combination of 2, 5%, and 7% by volume. b- Mixing the soil with slaked lime with a combination of 5% and 7% by volume. C - Mixing the soil with slag with 3 with a combination of 5% and 7% by volume. Results The results of this research show that the changes in the paste limit for all the samples show that the lowest value for the sample with 5% lime is a 3.58% increase and the highest value for the sample with 8% cement is a 9.65% increase. Also, the changes in the dry density of compaction show that the lowest value of the sample with 7% cement is equal to a 22% decrease and the highest value of the sample with 7% slag is equal to a 6% increase. The changes in adhesion coefficient show that the lowest value of the sample with 5% cement is a 15.4% decrease and the highest value of the sample with 5% slag is a 450% increase. The changes in the internal friction angle show that the lowest value corresponding to the sample with 5% and 7% lime, 5% and 7% slag, and the highest value corresponding to the sample with 5% cement is equal to a 5.8% increase. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In general, the most important reactions of lime with soil can be divided into four categories: a) flocculation, b) carbonation, 3) ion exchange, and d) pozzolanic reactions, and each of these changes can be Even in a short period observed in the soil. In the event of any of the presented reactions, changes can be observed in the optimum moisture content, specific weight, reduction in plasticity indices, and increase in unconfined compressive strength. The mixture of lime and clay with the cation exchange reaction of clay minerals and as a result, coagulation of its fine particles, provides suitable conditions by which the flocculated clay particles together cause the formation of larger particles. This process involves the hydration reaction of quicklime. After this initial rapid reaction, more permanent reactions begin, such as the pozzolanic reaction in which materials impregnated with cement are used, the best performance of the samples is expected in a longer time. Hydration reactions are effective at temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius, at higher stages this reaction causes an increase in resistance through the formation of hydrated calcium silicate and hydrated calcium aluminate silicate from hydration and pozzolanic reactions. The formation of these compounds increases resistance.   Considering that the soil of the study area is gypsum, therefore, among the mechanical parameters of the soil, the coefficient of adhesion can be considered as the most important parameter. Therefore, based on the above explanation and based on the results obtained, mineral slag is added to the soil of the study area. It can be a suitable solution to solve the mentioned soil problem. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors of the article express their gratitude to Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology and Khuzestan Water and Power Organization for their financial and spiritual support of this research.

The study area is located in the Ardabil province and in the north east of Meshkinshahr city. More than 200 small and large Eocene dykes have outcrops in this area with basaltic, tephritic, andesitic and trachy andesitic compositions. Clinopyroxene, plagioclase, analcime and sometimes coarse olivine crystals are present in these rocks. Mineral chemistry studies show that clinopyroxene in rocks is diopside. Existence of normal and reverse zoning in clinopyroxen indicates that differentiation was an effective factor on evolution of the rocks. Enrichment in Ti, Al, Na, and K in pyroxene crystals from the core towards the rim testifies for metasomatism of the rocks. Tectonomagmatic diagrams and comparingthe studied clinopyroxenes' mineral chemistry with those from other tectonic environment suggest that the host rocks are alkaline and are related to volcanic arc setting. According to geotermobarometric studies, clinopyroxenes in the studied rocks were formed at temperature 1150-1200ºC and pressure of 7-14 Kbars. The depth for generation of magma was between 55-65 Km and an average depth of 60 Km was estimated for crystallization of clinopyroxene in these rocks.