Introduction: The field of digital library in today's world is diversified and developed and has an interdisciplinary nature. So that the study in its various aspects is always evaluated as one of the important topics in scientific fields and can be the origin of important researches. The purpose of this study is to investigate and plot the intellectual structure of knowledge in the field of digital library in the world using a co-word analysis.Methodology: This research is a type of applied scientometric studies that uses co-word analysis and network analysis. The statistical population was all researches in the field of digital library in the web of science database, which is equal to 5655 records in total. Vosviewer, Netdraw, SPSS and Bibexecl software were also used to analyze and plot the network.Findings: The results showed that the keywords digital library, information retrieval and library are the most frequent words and the most pairs of words are digital library and information retrieval. The co-word network includes six clusters called knowledge management and digital library, storage and retrieval of digital resources, interaction between digital and non-digital environments and e-learning, electronic resources and media, virtual screening and medical data analysis. The network density is .24 and the average centrality index is .663. The co-word network of the digital library field showed that the keyword digital library is the most central term and plays the main role of this network. The density of the network is .1290, which is not in a favorable condition. This case shows that the sub-domains within the clusters and inter-cluster connections, or the lack of research orientation to the technical issues of content, software and services as the three main elements of digital libraries and single domain. There is a lack of balance between theoretical and applied interdisciplinary research in this field. These findings are consistent with the research results of others. Of course, the low density of the network also indicates that the subjects of the library field have been researched more in a specialized way and less communication has been established between these fields, which is one of the weaknesses of this field. According to the strategic diagram, knowledge management clusters and digital libraries and digital screening are developed clusters and play a pivotal role. The electronic resources and media cluster, although pivotal, is underdeveloped and immature. Other subject clusters are marginal clusters and are emerging topics that have not been sufficiently researched.  In general, the results of this research showed that most of the researches in the field of digital library of the world have been done in the subjects of information retrieval, university libraries, user studies, internet and copyright. Considering that the network density of the digital library field is low, it is clear that researchers have neglected its interdisciplinary fields and the subjects of this field have little connection with each other. By reviewing the clusters obtained, it is concluded that the clusters of knowledge management, digital library and virtual screening have the central role of researches and most of the researches are carried out in this field and on the other hand, despite the fact that the clusters of storing and retrieving digital resources, human and environment interaction. Digital and electronic learning are one of the main and important topics in the field of digital library, they are emerging, marginal and underdeveloped topics, and researchers should direct most of their research in this direction so that these fields also reach a favorable state. In general, the structure of the intellectual network of the digital library field is fragmented, and in order to create a link between the structure of this network, researches should be removed from being single-domain and theoretical and applied interdisciplinary researches should be conducted.

This study was conducted to determine the genetic relationships among and population history of four Ni-gerian indigenous goat populations. A total of 200 goats from three breeds namely Sahel (60), Red Sokoto (60), West-African dwarf (60) and Kano Brown, a strain (20), were used for the study. Tissue samples were collected from the ear of animals using an Allflex® ear punch tissue sample collector, and aliquoted into plastic tubes containing the Allflex® tissue preservative. DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing were carried out at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. Genetic analysis of the DNA was carried out using 25 microsatellite markers proposed by Food and Agricultural Organiza-tion and International Society for Animal Genetics (FAO-ISAG). From the results of the study, the highest heterozygosity was observed in Kano Brown goats (0. 68± 0. 04), which was followed by that of Red Sokoto goats (0. 64± 0. 04) and that of West African dwarf goat (0. 58± 0. 05) as the least. In the entire goat popula-tions, low inbreeding was observed; mean Fis was 0. 105 and Fit was 0. 129. As expected, populations of Red Sokoto and Kano Brown showed higher genetic similarity as was seen in the genetic distance (0. 022), con-firming the notion that the Kano Brown is a strain from the Red Sokoto breed. Gene flow (Nm) played an important role in the genetic uniformity in populations of narrow geographical vicinity (14. 868). The den-dogram displayed a remarkable degree of consistency with the geographical origin of goats in this country. The information obtained in this study will aid in rational development, utilization and conservation of Ni-gerian indigenous goats.

Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC) and Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC) are the two major types of indigenous chickens in Nigeria. They subsist under traditional Animal husbandry and are thus liable to indiscriminate mating and consequently to loss of genetic diversity. Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC) and Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC) were investigated to determine genetic variation at transferrin locus using cellulose acetate electrophoresis and to establish genetic relationship within and between the two ecotypes. Direct gene counting method was used to interpret the result after electrophoresis. Palenthological statistics (PAST) was used to generate DENDOGRAM which was used to measure genetic similarity. Transferrin was interpreted into six phenotypes (AA, AB, BB, AC and BC) whose inheritance is genetically controlled by three codominant alleles (TfA, TfB and TfC). Gene frequencies of TfA, TfB and TfC were 0.35, 0.2 and 0.43 in Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC) and 0.21, 0.32 and 0.44 in Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC). While Genotype frequencies were 12.5%, 10%, 75%, 35%, 17.5% and 15% for Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC) and 11.19%, 2.5%, 16.6%, 22.2% and 27.7% for Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC). Main clusters observed from the DENDOGRAM indicated 72% genetic similarity within Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC), 58 % genetic similarity within Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC) and 70 % genetic similarity between Fulani ecotype chickens (FEC) and Yoruba ecotype chickens (YEC). No genetic relationship existed between transferrin and phenotypic traits (sex, plumage colour and comb type). Conclusively, the two populations were closely related at tranferrin locus. Further study should be extended to other protein markers and DNA level and conservation methods should be initiated to prevent further dilution of these chickens and for future development of Nigeria chicken line breed.

This article presents a comparative study of marginalization in the cities of Sabzevar, Neishabour, Torbat Heidariye and Gonaabaad. It also presents the history of marginalization and marginal settlement in the world, related theories and models. The article also talks about the international experiences about marginalization and marginal settlement. The writers of the article have first identified 23 marginal areas in the above mentioned cities, and then they have completed the information through interviews and questionnaire; they were then analyzed using the statistical models. Based on this research, the growth of urban population for a decade (from 1996 to 2006) has been 2.28 percent per year. The ratio of marginal settlers to total population is 15 percent. In the city of Sabzevaar it is 10.7 percent, for neishabour 11.9 percent, for Torbat Heidariye 16.5 percent and Gonaabaad 21 percent. In their comparative study of these areas, the writers then use Cluster Model and DENDOGRAM, and rank these areas.

The conventional electrophoresis methods are well known techniques for protein detection and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disc electrophoresis (DEP) was carried out for detection of oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on polyacrilamide gel. However, the advance of automation has made rapid collection of large amounts of data feasible and the development of microcomputers has made sophisticated processing even of old electrophoregrams possible. Automated analysis, data storage and sophisticate data acquisition were carried out with Gel Pro Analyzer 3.1, which is specifically structured to analyze gels and elctrophoregrams: complex band pattern matching (gel variation, DENDOGRAM analysis etc.); lane relation studies (sophisticated lane database); general gel analysis (accurate molecular size, quantitative determination of protein mixture etc.). Clustering techniques have been applied for detection of intrathecal immune response. Different hierarchic cluster analysis methods such as single linkage, complete linkage, unweighted pair-group average (UPMGA) were used. In addition, other cluster characteristics such, distance matrix and Euclidean distance matrix were calculated. Pairing of electrophoresis methods and cluster image analysis, could lead to additional diagnostic information of inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) or dysfunction of blood-CSF barrier.

In the present study, for the morphological comparison of Glyptothorax galaxias populations, 54 samples were caught from the four stations of Afsarabad, Armand, Bazoft and Beheshtabad from the headwaters of the Karun watershed. The geometric morphometric analysis was done based on 15, 13 and 10 homologous morphological landmarks on lateral, ventral and dorsal. Landmark method determined the out shape body and related analysis such as PCA, CVA, DFA, and DENDOGRAM was performed to show if there were differences among population of Glyptothorax galaxias. The results showed that the population living in Armand branch is separate from other populations, Bazoft and BeheshtAbad populations have the least distance and are placed in the same cluster, and Behesht-Abad and Afsarabad populations overlap with each other to some extent. It seems that the difference between different habitats in terms of flow intensity, river slope, nutritional conditions and water physics and chemistry is the reason for the difference in populations, which should be investigated in future studies. Considering that the species G. galaxias is native to the drainage basin of the Persian Gulf of Iran and the studies conducted on this species are very few and limited. Therefore, a comprehensive study of this species from different morphological aspects is necessary.

Different species of Streptomyces are common in most types of soil. Some certain species are plant pathogenic especially on potato. This study was conducted to evaluate genetic diversityamong some local Streptomyces spp. strains isolated from soil and infected tubers in potato farms in northwest of Iran.Repetitive DNA elements (BOX, ERIC and REP) as genetic markers were used for diversity studies and distance matrix was performed by UPGMA method. The cluster analysis showed 8, 5 and 7 distinct clusters with 85% similarity levels in ERIC, BOX and rep markers, respectively. Genetic clusters were moderately geographical regiondepended but no significant correlations were found between clusters and other characteristics such as strains virulence or potato cultivars. Also, a DENDOGRAM was constructed from combined results of all three markers which showed four distinct groups at 80% similarity level. A close correlation was observed between strains virulence and these genetic groups. DNA sequencing followed by morphologic assay were used for detection of distinct species. The results demonstrated the existence of a considerable genetic diversity among collected plant pathogenic Streptomycesstrains in the region. Also, the results suggest that combined results from all three ERIC, BOX and REP markers could be more useful and reliable than from each individual marker.

The molecular structure in populations of Mnemiopsis leidyi were examined for 200 samples from the south (Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces) and north of the Caspian Sea. DNA was extracted from M leiydi tissue by phenol-chlorophorm method and its concentration was found at 50 to 100ng. We used the PCR method using 19 random primers (10bp). The PCR products of samples were accompanied with standard marker (50bp DNA). To measure fragment size, samples were run on a 1% agarose gel. Ten of the ninteen primers showed polymorphism. Statistical analysis of data was performed using POPGENE software. The avarage genetic variation was 0.189 in total samples and the maximum variation was found in samples from north of the Caspian Sea. Also, The maximume genetic distance was between north of the Sea and Golestan coasts in the south (0.089).The minimum genetic distance was between Mazandaran and Guilan coasts (0.001). The UOGMA DENDOGRAM showed two clusters. The samples of Mazandaran, Guilan and Golestan coasts were placed in one cluster and samples of the north area in another. The genetic diversity was significantly different between samples of the north area and Golestan coasts (P<0.05). We found a significant genetic divergence between some samples and therefore suggested at least two genetic groups of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea.

Background-The aim of this study was to determine IS6110 banding pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates for evaluation of tuberculosis (TB) transmission. These isolates were obtained from intermediate laboratories of six major provinces of Iran; East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Khorasan, Kerman, Kermanshah and Fars. Methods-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed on 100 suitable isolates, which have been obtained from some laboratories thought Iran. Fingerprinting was done using the oligonucleotide 6110 a’ (5´-GTGAGGGCATCGAGGTGGC) and 6110 b´ (5´-GCGTAGGCGTCGGTGACAAA) primers. Results-We observed two types of banding patterns among the typed strains: sixty-two percent of MTB strains had a high copy number of IS6110, whereas 33% had a low copy number. In addition, five MTB strains (5%) without any IS6110 banding pattern were detected. The analysis of banding pattern in MTB isolates revealed heterogeneous DNA fingerprinting. The computer-assisted DENDOGRAM system demonstrated 8% to 51% similarity among typed strains. According to the available data, similarity between 90% and 100% is considered as homogeneous DNA fingerprinting. Conclusion-Since two banding patterns (low and high) have been detected, it could be suggested that two or more lineage for TB strains might exist in Iran, which requires further analysis. This study also suggests that in these cases, tuberculosis is characterized by the absence of obvious focuses of transmission.

Purpose: Fresh leaves of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.), and culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.,) are used interchangeably based on similar odor, aroma and flavor and considered culinary substitutes. Cilantro is ethnically called “false coriander” and a mixed method approach to determine the possibility of crop mimicry was reviewed. Critical analysis was done on botanical, phylogenic traits and trees, DENDOGRAM, molecular, and phytochemical similarities of the odorants. Findings: The study indicated that C. sativum and E. foetidum, belonged to two different subfamilies of Apiaceae, appeared morphologically divergent, but phytochemically similar in aroma and odorants indicating a classical example of convergent evolution in the plant kingdom. Five odor clusters with over 20 similar phytochemicals with the co‐elution of E‐2‐alkenals and E‐2‐alken‐1‐ols were identified. Greater levels E‐2‐dodecenal in E. foetidum (63.5%) compared to C. sativum, (26.0%) accounted for dominant odor which is found in crop mimics due to selective agricultural practices and the evolution of agricultural races of weeds. Multiple mechanisms explained how plant mimic evolved from “de‐domestication” and hybridization. Evolutionary origins and genetic diversity characterized genomics of E. foetidum as an aggressive aromatic pungent weed, and C. sativum as a fragrant herb. Limitations: There are no limitations in this review. Directions for future research: Organolepticpreference for the essential oils of coriander seeds and a clearer understanding of the phytochemical relationships between C. sativum and E. foetidum are required.