Background: Concussion causes acute, short-term brain dysfunctions. However, the impact of repetitive concussion history on brain function remains unclear. Objectives: The present study examined the effect of a history of multiple concussions on the cognitive functions and dynamic cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation in collegiate rugby football players. Methods: Nine male rugby football players with a history of 1 concussion and nine players with a history of multiple concussions ( 4 concussions) participated in this study. Reaction time and working memory were assessed using a neurocognitive assessment device (CogSport; CogState Ltd., Melbourne, Australia). Arterial blood pressure and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) were measured continuously throughout the experiment. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation was examined using a thigh-cuff occlusion and release technique. Results: We found a significant difference in the short-term working memory between players with a history of  1 concussion and those with a history of multiple concussions (P < 0. 05). However, dynamic cerebral autoregulation was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: We found a dysfunction in the short-term memory function of collegiate rugby football players with a history of multiple concussions. However, this impairment in brain function was not associated with changes in dynamic CBF regulation.

Objectives: Deterioration in postural control mechanisms is termed postural instability and results increased postural sway and many laboratory techniques and instruments are characterized by a wide range of neurological signs and symptoms to the medical management. Thus the current study designed to assess the reliability of commonly used clinical measures of balance and determined normal values. Also, the second purpose was to evaluate the scrutiny of age, length, weight and body mass index (BMI) effects on performing clinical balance tests.Method: One hundred and thirty three participants (18-59 years), that have at least three time sports activity in one week, performed three timed tests including Time-up and Go (TUG), Tandem Gait (TG), and Walking on Balance Beam (WOBB) on firm surface.Results: Reliability data were produced for each tests of motor performance. We found that the first performance of three trials was slower, and the relationship between some factors and these battery tests were examined. Means (±SD) for each measure were averaged across three trials. Time to complete TG was 13.6±1.1s. TUG value was 6.9±1.03 and WOBB was 6.9±1.03s. Conclusions: our results revealed that three clinical balance test batteries - TUG, TG and WOBB tests are the stability measures to assess the sports related concussion. Also, the results of current study showed that the time to perform these tests was slower than the other studies.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of adolescents undergoing rehabilitation after sports-related concussions (SRCs). Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design grounded in a phenomenological approach was employed to capture the essence of participants’ subjective experiences. Twenty adolescents aged 13–18 years, all from Minnesota and with a medically diagnosed SRC within the past 12 months, were recruited through purposive sampling from rehabilitation clinics, sports medicine centers, and school athletic departments. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted in private, comfortable settings and lasting between 45 and 75 minutes. Interviews explored participants’ symptoms, coping strategies, academic reintegration, and social support networks. Recruitment continued until theoretical saturation was reached. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribedverbatim, and analyzed using NVivo 14 software. Findings: Four major themes emerged: (1) Physical and Cognitive Recovery Challenges, encompassing persistent symptoms, fluctuating recovery patterns, and adaptation to modified routines,(2) Emotional and Psychological Adjustment, including emotional distress, identity disruption, coping mechanisms, and social withdrawal,(3) Academic and School Reintegration, highlighting classroom challenges, the role of accommodations, and teacher and peer support,and (4) Social and Familial Support Systems, involving family engagement, team and coach encouragement, community resources, and experiences of misunderstanding. Conclusion: Recovery from SRCs in adolescence is a multifaceted process shaped by interrelated physical, cognitive, psychological, academic, and social factors. Effective rehabilitation requires multidisciplinary, individualized approaches that address both clinical recovery and the lived realities of young athletes, incorporating medical, educational, and psychosocial support to optimize outcomes.

Background: Concussion is a prevalent form of traumatic brain injury worldwide with significant health consequences and far-reaching implications. Concussion protocols have been revised in recent years to protect athletes in increasing concussion reduction and timely treatment. Campaigns, news reports and mass media have also depicted coverage of concussions over the past decade especially in light of more athletes coming forward with long-term repercussions following repeated concussions. Methods: Previously, published studies have examined content pertaining to concussions across different social media platforms. Notably, the last comprehensive review of prevalent content across YouTube on concussions was ten years ago in 2014. Given updates in concussion protocols and clinical practice guidelines, increased news coverage and the movie release of Concussion in 2015, this study sought to examine and describe the sources, format and content covered among the top 100 widely viewed videos on YouTube a decade later. Results: Majority of the videos were posted by nongovernmental/organizational sources. Several testimonials by athletes on aftereffects of concussions were covered. Falls comprised the leading risk factor for concussions. Football, soccer, basketball and sailing represented the highest risk sports for concussions among the widely viewed videos. Many post-concussive symptoms were accounted for in the videos. Rest and activity limitations were featured as the leading treatments for concussions. Clinical, organizational, and health equity implications are presented. Conclusion: Recommendations to inform directions for patient and family education and clinical care on concussions are proposed.

Background and Aim: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant concern, often referred to as a "silent pandemic" due to its high prevalence and limited public awareness. This study explores TBIs in soccer, focusing on incidence, contact mechanisms, player positions, and the impact of injuries. Methods and Materials/Patients: The authors went through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The publications from the last two decades were considered. This review evaluates various leagues, including the German Bundesliga, American Soccer League, and the English Premier League (EPL), to analyze TBI occurrences and associated symptoms. Results:   Concussions were the most common type of TBIs in soccer players. Head-to-head contact mechanism with an aerial challenge during play frequently causes a concussion. Defensive and midfield players were suffering from TBIs more because they are defined to perform more "distance headers". Dizziness and headache were the frequent symptoms seen in soccer players. Medical staff is suggested to make a precise and timely diagnosis of probable injury, with educating the members by the latest guidelines.   Conclusion: Early injury diagnosis is crucial, and everyone involved, including officials, coaches, players, and medical personnel, must be aware of this issue. More research is necessary to develop preventive measures and management strategies prioritizing player safety.

Background: There are many risk factors that heighten severity and susceptibility of concussion which have come into heightened awareness attributed to more revelations across the concussions landscape in recent years in light of news media, cinema, landmark legal cases, and continued research findings. Methods: This review specifically focused on identifying concussion-related information accessed by different audiences on a range of social media platforms. The goals of this review were to synthesize the existing state of concussion coverage across social media platforms from all published studies to date as the basis to inform directions for patient and family education, clinical practice and future research on improving concussion care and treatment. Results: Findings revealed a wide range of consumer and professional sources publishing content on concussions. News stories and testimonials were the most widely accessed formats across two studies. YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Pinterest, and Flickr were the social media platforms examined across these studies. Post-concussive symptoms and concussion treatment approaches were widely covered across two studies followed by prevention in three studies. Focus on situational and contextual factors of concussions (e. g. setting, surface and trauma-related considerations) were missing from findings in the studies across this review. Conclusion: Clinical and educational implications and recommendations for future ways to harness the potential of social media in improving concussion care and treatment are also presented. Increased content on concussion prevention could yield value in addressing modifiable risk factors for concussion as the basis to reduce the rates of this longstanding public health complexity.

Background and Objectives: The most common problems of concussions are disorders of neuropsychological skills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of direct electrical stimulation of the brain from the skull and psychodrama on the neuro-psychological skills of adolescents with mild concussions. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population was all teenagers with brain damage in Ardabil Province who referred to Fatemi Hospital in Ardabil City in 2021-2022 and received a score of 13-15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Forty five people were selected from this statistical population by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 people (experimental groups 1 and 2 and a control group). The experiment group 1 underwent electrical stimulation intervention (10 sessions of 15 minutes), the experiment group 2 underwent psychodrama intervention (13 sessions of 90 minutes), and the control group did not receive any training. Continuous Performance Test, Tower of London Test, and Crawford et al. 's Retrospective and Prospective Memory Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference across the treatment methods. Electrical stimulation sessions were able to positively affect the components of sustained attention (correct response F=4. 961, p=0. 012 and response time F=2. 398, p=0. 001), Tower of London Test (errors F=6. 518, p=0. 004), and dimensions of memory functioning (prospective memory F=12. 943, p<0. 001 and retrospective memory F=5. 984, p=0. 005) and improve cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the current study, the use of electrical stimulation of the brain as a neuro-rehabilitation intervention is recommended to improve the neuropsychological skills of adolescents with mild concussions.

Objective: This study explores the role of sports psychology in managing concussion recovery and facilitating athletes’ readiness to return to play. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was utilized, involving semi-structured online interviews with athletes who had experienced concussions, sports psychologists, and medical professionals. 36 Participants were recruited through purposeful sampling, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software through an inductive thematic approach, allowing for the emergence of key themes. Reflexivity and researcher triangulation were employed to ensure the rigor and reliability of the findings. Findings: Four main themes emerged: psychological interventions, mental barriers and facilitators in return to play, the role of support systems, and the long-term psychological impact of concussions. Psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral techniques and mindfulness practices, were effective in reducing anxiety and enhancing resilience. Fear of re-injury and performance anxiety were significant barriers, while confidence restoration and motivation levels facilitated recovery. Social support from family, teammates, and coaches played a crucial role in alleviating psychological distress. The long-term impact included identity crises, chronic symptoms, and ongoing mental health concerns, emphasizing the need for holistic support. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of integrating psychological interventions in concussion recovery. Addressing fear, anxiety, and identity loss, while enhancing confidence and social support, is crucial for a successful return to play. This study highlights the necessity for comprehensive recovery protocols that consider both physical and psychological readiness. Practitioners should prioritize individualizedpsychological assessments and foster supportive environments to improve recovery outcomes