Objective (s): Due to its unpredictable and unfortunate circumstances, the coronavirus has caused stress among people and disrupted their lives. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Brief Version of the COVID-19 Stress Scales (CSS-B) in Iran. Methods: This was a methodological study. The original questionnaire was translated using the backward-forward method. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the face validity was achieved by the qualitative method through interviews with ten people. Then, the construct validity of the Brief Corona Stress Scale was conducted through the known group comparison. Convergent validity was assessed by correlation between the brief version (CSS-B) and the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS). The reliability of the scale was calculated by internal consistency analysis. Results: In all, 415 people participated in the study. The mean age of patients was 35. 55 (SD = 12. 24) years. The known group comparison showed that the average total score of the Corona stress scale among females significantly was higher than that of men (P=0. 038) as hypothesized. Convergent validity showed a significant correlation between the Persian version of the CSSB and the CSS (r=0981). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the dimensions and the whole questionnaire was acceptable ranging from 0. 82 to 0. 96. Conclusion: The findings showed appropriate validity and reliability for the Persian version of the Brief Version of the COVID-19 Stress Scale. It is suggested that the future studies need to assess the structural validity (expletory and confirmatory factor analysis) of the CSS-B with a bigger sample size.

Hyperbolic structures are grid- based space structures. The shape of the structures is similar to a square with fillet edges. If the mid-point of the square sides is connected in orthogonal x and y directions, the "+" shaped configuration remains at its position if the edges become even more curved and their elevation (z coordinates) do not change. Nonetheless, the elevation of the remaining points changes and form the hyperbolic structure. The application of hyperbolic structures is in covering long-span. In this study, a particular hyperbolic structure is optimized both in terms of shape and size. The Charged System Search (CSS) algorithm is used to carry out the optimization. Subsequently, optimization results are compared with corresponding results from the genetic algorithm method.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to construct and validate the Corona Stress Scale (CSS-18) in accordance with the Iranian lifestyle. Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive and validation. The statistical population included all residents of Bandar Abbas in 2020 that 426 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected online. The instruments used were the Corona Stress Scale (CSS-18) and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). Pearson correlation test, heuristic and confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to analyze the data. Data were also analyzed by SPSS-22 and AMOS-23 software. Findings: The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that CSS-18 with 18 items had three factors of stress psychological states, stress physical states and stress-related behaviors, and their Cronbach's alpha coefficient respectively was 0. 92, 0. 82 and 0. 57, and for the CSS-18 was 0. 91. The validity of the results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between CSS-18 and DASS-21. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, CSS-18 has appropriate psychometric properties and can be used as an appropriate tool to assess Corona stress.

Introduction: Cyberchondria is a new form of hypochondria in that repetitive searching of online medical information increases anxiety and distress in people and continues with the repetitive and inconclusive trials for reassurance seeking. The Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS) designed to diagnose this phenomenon in non-Iranian samples, but this scale has not studied from validation view in Iranian population yet, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the CSS psychometric properties in Iranian sample. Method: A sample with 200 persons were chosen by convenience sampling method and answered to Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21) and Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI). Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed 4 Factors that except one (reassurance/mistrust), other factors was same as original version of the scale. Internal consistency and validations of the scale was approved (p<0/001) as well. Conclusion: Based on the findings, this scale recognize 4 factors in Iranian population: compulsion, reassurance /mistrust, excessiveness and distress and is useable in Iranian research and clinical cases.

The main characteristic (feature) of the sociology of knowledge and science is its emphasis on the culture and cultural analysis within the scientific and technological research. This study concerns with the study of two research fields in which new sociologists of science and technology have presented their cultural analysis. These two fields include: sociology of scientific knowledge and cultural studies of science. Sociology of scientific knowledge is the first school of thought which makes the content of scientific knowledge inclined to and compliant with the cultural and sociological analysis. In SSK, the main presupposition is that “the scientific knowledge is totally arbitrary.” Accordingly, the design and evaluation of scientific theories and claims are the consequence of social interests and cultural inclinations (trends), in a way that the scientific theories become a tool for the justification, legitimating, encouragement and contentment. At the early 1990s, with the rise of crisis (chaos) within the explanations of sociology of scientific knowledge and a flood of criticism against it, the whole subjectivity of the field came to a standstill (reached an impasse) and the initiatives in scientific research were replaced by different theoretical orientations like cultural studies. In contrast to the sociology of scientific knowledge, the cultural studies of science concerns with the rejection of “explanation” and, instead, focuses on the “meaning” and “understanding”. In other words, it has come back to an old dispute between explanatory and hermeneutic approaches and those which pursue the regulative (legalistic) comprehensiveness along the more positivistic lines. This emerging field emphasizes the issue that the uncertainty, instability, ambiguity (vagueness) and difference must be given a more important role in sciences. Cultural studies of science gave rise to a change from the sociology of scientific knowledge to a new culturalism.

Structural profitable control is a subject of the recent challenges in designing of various mechanical systems. Recently, semi-active tuned mass dampers (SATMD) developed to attenuate vibration of building structures due to the external disturbances. In this paper, a mass damper that works parallel with a semi-active magneto-rheological (MR) damper employed to reduce a ten story building structure responses in four earthquake excitations. An optimized fuzzy controller by using charged system search (CSS) algorithm calculates proper input voltage of the MR damper to increase performance of the SATMD in reducing vibration of the building structure. The results showed better performance of the optimized fuzzy controller in comparison with conventional fuzzy controllers and passive TMD.

Background & Aim: Cyberchondria is a form of anxiety characterized by excessive health- related internet search. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factorial structure of the Persian version of the Cyberchondria severity scale, designed to measure individuals' anxiety about their own health status caused by excessive health- related internet search.Methods: This is a descriptive /analytical study conducted on 228 students (154 males and 74 females) of Tabriz universities (Tabriz University, Payame Noor) through convenience sampling. Subjects completed the Cyberchondria severity scale questionnaire. Data were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS 22 and Mplus 6.12 softwares.Results: Although exploratory factor analysis identified a five-factor structure, further investigations showed that the four-factor structure is probably more suitable for Iranian population. The four discovered factors were named as: Compulsion, Excessiveness, Reassurance and Distress. In addition, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four-factor structure well fitted the data.Conclusion: Findings suggest that the Persian version of the Cyberchondria severity scale is an appropriate tool to measure the severity of health anxiety caused by excessive health-related internet search. However, further research should be carried out in this field.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) generated profound concerns in public. However, few validated scales measure COVID-related stress. We developed and psychometrically assessed a unique COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) in an Iranian non-clinical population. The CSS was developed to evaluate the existing stress measures, specialists' reviews, and interviews with healthy individuals. Experts provided feedback on content validity. The correlation of CSS with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) was evaluated to assess convergent validity. Moreover, construct validity and reliability were assessed. Seven items were found acceptable after experts' review. The online method was used to collect information due to the dangerous conditions of COVID-19 and traffic restrictions in Iran. The scale link was shared as an invitation on the virtual social network pages for people to respond. The statistical population of this study included all Iranian people aged 18-60. All 755 people, including 511 females and 244 males who completed the questionnaire online, were selected as a sample. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed a one-factor structure. Correlations between items were acceptable, with item-total correlations being 0. 49-0. 58. The CFA resulted in acceptable factor loadings and fit statistics. Internal consistency reliability was found as ,= 0. 74. Regarding convergent validity, CSS had moderate to strong correlations with the depression (r = 0. 53), anxiety (r = 0. 59), and stress (r = 0. 64) subscales of DASS-21 (P < 0. 05). The seven-item CSS demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties and can be a useful measure of research and evaluation. There is a need to test the scale's validity in a random sample and other nationalities.