In this research, deinked pulp (DIP) was modified with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to introduce more charged groups on the surfaces of fibers which may lead to improved strength properties. Modification of the pulp was conducted at mild reaction temperature conditions of 85, 95° C and 120° C at 60 and 90 minutes, and under severe conditions of 120° C for 120 minutes in the presence of calcium chloride as electrolyte. The drainage time, water retention value (WRV), tensile strength, burst strength, brightness and opacity of CMC-modified pulps were measured and compared with corresponding values of blank (untreated) pulp and CMC-treated pulps in conventional treatment. The results indicated that tensile and burst strength of CMC-modified pulps were improved in comparison with unmodified pulps. The behavior of pulps was different in terms of optimum reaction condition. However, no significant changes were observed for optical properties of CMC-modified pulps. Water retention value of CMC-modified pulps decreased unexpectedly in some conditions.

In the present study the combined production of raw material wheat gluten was used as a structural matrix. seven treatments including 100% gluten, 75% gluten+25% carboxy methyl cellulose, 25% gluten+75% CMC and 100% CMC, 100% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), 99% CMC+1% zinc nanoxide, 95% CMC+3% zinc nanoxide. The experiments were performed in triplicate. To analyze data, one – way variance and Duncan mean comparison test were used.. These films were subjected to ultrasound process for 30 min. these samples were prepared on which tests including water vapor permeability, turbidometry and UV transmittance of the film were done.as the highest turbidity was observed for 100% gluten sample and higher percentage of CMC resulted in significantly decrease in turbidity. As the amount of gluten decreased and of CMC increased the permeability to water vapor tended to increase.in the use zinc nanoxide and ultrasound, as well as increased permeability. Finally, the total tests performed and treatment 95% carboxymethyl cellulose and 5% zinc and 30 min ultrasonic was introduced as the best treatment.

An D hydrodynamic model has been simulation and developed for gas hold-up and liquid circulation velocity prediction in air-lift reactors model is based on momentum balance equations and has been adjusted to experimental data collected on a pilot plant reactor equipped with two types of gas distributors and using water as the liquid phase. The model equations described previously constitute a set of non-linear equations which are solved by an iterative procedure (v.b) (c plus). This model has also been combined with mass transfer and the kinetics of a chemical reaction to yield a complete model of the performance of a reactor.

The aim of the present study was to isolate cellulose from wheat bran and to synthesize Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) using an ultrasonic-assisted, solvent-based method. The effect of sodium hydroxide concentration, extraction time, and temperature on the extraction efficiency of cellulose from wheat bran was investigated. The isolated cellulose was converted to CMC through alkalization and etherification. For ultrasound-mediated CMC production, ultrasonic waves at 20 and 30 W/cm2 were applied for 15, 30, and 60 min sequentially to achieve a higher CMC yield. The produced CMC was characterized using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The findings indicated that optimal cellulose extraction efficiency was achieved using 4.5 M NaOH, a duration of 120 min, and a temperature of 80 °C. The highest CMC production efficiency was obtained at 30 W/cm2 power for at least 30 min, while the highest degree of substitution (0.305) was observed at 20 W/cm2 ultrasonic power for 30 min. An inverse relationship was also found between the degree of substitution and the purity of CMC samples. The FT-IR peak at 1441 cm-1 is associated with -CH₂ stretching vibrations, indicating the introduction of methyl groups during the carboxymethylation process. SEM analysis revealed that CMC exhibited a porous and heterogeneous structure. Additionally, the incorporation of CMC into dairy desserts significantly increased dry matter content while reducing syneresis (%).

As the first part of a continued research on conversion of carboxymethyl cellulosesodium salt (CMC) to useful  biopolymer-based materials, large numbers of cyanide functional groups were introduced onto CMC by grafting with polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The graft copolymerization reactions were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. Evidence of grafting was obtained by comparing FTIR spectra of CMC and the graft copolymer as well as solubility characteristics of the products. The synthetic conditions were systematically optimized through studying the effective factors including temperature and concentrations of initiator, acrylonitrile monomer, and CMC. The overall activation energy for the grafting was estimated to be 39.7 kJ/mole. Finally, the CMC-g-PAN copolymer was characterized thermally by using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis methods.

Bread is traditional food generally prepared from wheat flour. Flat breads are the oldest and well known kinds of bread worldwide. The main wheat component responsible for bread quality is gluten, which is an essential structure-binding protein. Although important, this protein can cause health problems in predisposed individuals with celiac disease. Consequently hydrocolloids are used to substitute for gluten and mimic the viscoelastic properties of it. In order to consider the influence of xanthann and CMC on dough rheological properties, they used in 0.5, 1, 1.5% to evaluate the influence of each level separately and in 0.5, 1% (flour basis) for incorporative effects of them. In farinogragh measuring, treatment 4 (1.5% Xanthan) and treatment 11 (1% CMC, 1% Xanthan) resulted in highest water absorption. Increasing the level of xanthan led to increasing water absorption significantly in comparison to CMC. Xanthan and CMC decrease and increased dough time development respectively. Addition of xanthan resulted in a farinogram which resembled that of a standard farinogram obtained by wheat flour. In dough dynamic measuring, hydrocolloids caused higher viscoelastic modulus and increasing the level of them made them greater. The highest G' was in treatment4, between used separate gum treatments. tanδ in treatments contain CMC was more than treatments contain xanthan and it was the most in treatment 7 (1.5% CMC). G' and G" in treatments contain incorporative gums was more than treatments contain separate gums. In these treatments, Xanthan decrease the tanδ resulted in treatments including CMC seperately. Treatment 11 has higher dynamic modulus and tanδ than treatment 4. In all cases xanyhan had affect on increasing water adsorption, decreasing dough time development, elastic modulus acceleration and decreasing tanδ.

In this study, Fe3O4/CMC magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized through co-precipitation method. Afterward, laccase from Trametes hirsuta was immobilized onto Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles by covalent bonding between carboxyl groups of carboxymethyl cellulose and amine group of laccases. Also, the resulted magnetic nanoparticles and immobilized laccase were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Moreover, the vital factors in enzyme immobilization, such as contact time, amount of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and the amount of nanoparticles were optimized, which successively 48 h, 0. 01 g, and 0. 0125 g were achieved for 0. 01g of N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). Activity recovery of 51 ± 0. 8% was achieved by optimizing the immobilization process. The results also indicated that the loading of laccase onto carboxymethyl cellulose-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was approximately 120 (mg/g). Finally, the immobilized laccases on magnetic support could save nearly 50% of their initial activity after five consecutive cycles.