In order to evaluate the potential of CITOGATE and turnip vegetable oil in increasing the performance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) control by colthodim and haloxyfop-r-methyl ester herbicides, two greenhouse experiments were carried out in the Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand, Iran, in 2016; this study was based on a factorial arrangement as a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments in each experiment included herbicide concentrations at seven levels (0, 6. 25, 12. 5, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended dose) and additives were applied at three levels (turnip oil, CITOGATE, and without additives). The application of additives with colthodim herbicide on barnyardgrass (based on the shoot dry weight) led to 4. 5% and 5. 4% decreases in ED50 in the presence of turnip oil and CITOGATE, respectively. Based on the root dry weight, ED50 was reduced to 22. 9% and 21. 6% in the presence of turnip oil and CITOGATE, respectively. The results of the use of additives with Haloxyfop-r-methyl ester also showed a similar trend. However, the increase in the efficiency of Haloxyfop-r-methyl ester was higher than that of colthodim herbicide. The Haloxyfop-r-methyl ester ED50 values for the shoot dry weight of barnyardgrass were reduced by 14% and 16. 3% in the presence of turnip oil and CITOGATE, respectively. The Haloxyfop-r-methyl ester ED50 values for the root dry weight in the presence of turnip oil and CITOGATE were 10 and 7 times higher than those in the treatments without additives, respectively. According to the results of this study, application of appropriate additives may lead to decrease in the extent of herbicide contamination of soil and water resources.

Introduction: Increasing the environmental concerns emerged from the extensive use of herbicides have caused to work and introduce new approaches for their application by weed scientists. Nonetheless, weeds limit crop production especially when herbicides are removed from the weed management strategies. Optimizing herbicide doses, by increasing farmer’s knowledge about various options of herbicide application, is one of the most important strategies for reducing herbicide application. Tank-mixed herbicides, adjuvants, and split application of herbicide are more interesting, users friendly, and effective to implement this approach. Postemergence herbicides require adjuvants to be tank-mixed or built into the formulation to enhance their performance. Utilizing these methods is very essential for crops which are very weak competiveness against weed, because of herbicides application is a common method in them. Sugar beet is an important crop grown in the most cultivation areas of Iran under cultivation about 82.5 thousand hectares over average yield 42 ton ha-1.This study was done to increase the performance of some post-emergence herbicides for controlling weeds in sugar beet using adjuvants, tank-mixed herbicide, as well as herbicide split-applied herbicide treatments.Materials and methods: A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (985 m altitude, longitude 59o 28' and latitude 36o 15') in 2013. The factors included the method of herbicide application (full and split application), herbicides (chloridazon (5 Kg ha-1) plus desmedipham (6 L ha-1), desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate (3 L ha-1) and chloridazon (5 Kg ha-1) plus desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate (3 L ha-1)), and adjuvants (Non-adjuvant, Adigor (%1.5 v/v), CITOGATE (%0.2 v/v) and Ammonium sulfate (%0.5 v/v)). Furthermore, two control treatments were considered as weed free and weed infested for each replication. Herbicides were applied with a backpack sprayer equipped with 8002 flat fan nozzles that calibrated to deliver a spray volume of 400 L ha-1 at 275 kPa. Commercial sugar beet seeds, ‘005’Monogerm provided from Improvement Research Institute of sugar beet, Karaj were planted on April 25 by hand to the depth 2 to 3 cm of the soil. Each plot consisted of four rows of sugar beet spaced 50 cm apart and 5 m long and density of sugar beet was 12 plants per m2. Seedbed preparation operations consisted of moldboard plowing, double disking and application of N at 69 kg.ha-1, P2O5 at 67.5 kg.ha-1 and K2O at 50 kg.ha-1 was done according to the soil test and the fertilizer recommendations. Irrigation was performed once a week. In order to determination of total weed biomass and density, weeds existing in the area 1×1 m2 were collected, counted and weighted. Also sugar beet root yield and biomass was recorded for same area. Data were subjected to ANOVA using the PROC GLM procedure in SAS Version 9.4 and means were compared using Fisher’s protected LSD test at the 0.05 level of significance. Drawing of figures were done by SigmaPlot Version 12.5. The relationship between sugar beet root yield and weed density and biomass were described with hyperbolic decay 2 parameters model.Results and discussion: In the experimental plots, we observed ten species of broadleaf weeds among which redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.), and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) have higher relative frequency and density than others. The results showed that the highest sugar beet root yield, as value 110.29 ton ha-1, occurred in split application of chloridazon plus desmedipham with Adigor. Furthermore, the highest sugar yield obtained from the plots with split application of chloridazon plus (desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate) with Adigor at 16.10 ton ha-1. In split application of desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate without adjuvant, the lowest sugar beet root yield and sugar yield were recorded 50.07 and 7.57 ton ha-1, respectively. Full application of chloridazon plus (desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate) with Adigor with %17 sugar content, and split application of desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate Adigor with %11.74 sugar content had the highest and lowest, respectively. Split application of chloridazon plus desmedipham with CITOGATE and full application of chloridazon plus (desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate) with CITOGATE indicated completely weed control, and full and split application of desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate with ammonium sulfate had the lowest performance of weed control. The results of the regression analysis showed that the highest yield of sugar beet occurred when total weed density or biomass are zero (104.62 and 101.41 tonha-1 were estimated, respectively). Also, when weeds density and biomass increased to 24 plants m-2 or 479.13 g dry matter m-2, the root yield of sugar beet will be decreased by 50%.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that split application of chloridazon plus desmedipham with Adigor or CITOGATE, created the highest sugar beet root yield and appropriate weed control among all treatments.In contrast, split application of desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate without any adjuvant had the lowest performance of weeds control. It was concluded that the most important factor among the experiment factors was the type of herbicide or herbicide combination.

A field study was conducted in 2004 to determine the effects of different concentrations of adjuvant (CITOGATE) on the efficiency of desmedipham+ chloridazon. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments, and four replication. Factors included three herbicide doses (60, 80 and 100% of recommended dose) and four adjuvant concentrations (0, 15, 25, 35, ml/100L). Different traits including yield, yield component, biomass, weed biomass, sugar beet root length, leaf dry weight and sugar concentration were studied. The Highest grain yield, biomass, root length, and leaf dry weight were related to the complete dose of herbicide plus 35ml/100L adjuvant. The highest root diameter was achieved where sugar beet was treated with 80 and 100% of the chloridazon recommended dose plus 25ml/100l adjuvant.

In order to study the Evaluation of idosulfuron metal sodium+ foramsulfuron metal+ thincarbazone metal+ saiprosulfamed (Maister power OD) in weeds control of corn fields, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 12 treatments and 4 replications in Moghan region, Iran, in 2014. The most important weeds were black night shade (Solanum nigrum L. ), lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L. ) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. ). The results showed that the density and dry weight (biomass) of weeds were affected by the herbicide treatments So that weeds dry weight highest treatments show in idosulfuron metal sodium+ foramsulfuron metal+ thincarbazone metal+ saiprosulfamed (Maister power OD) 1, 1. 25, 1. 5 L. ha-1 and Nicosulfuron Bromoxynil + MCPA (Kroz +Bromicide) 1. 5 L. ha-1. Also Nicosulfuron Bromoxynil + MCPA (Kroz +Bromicide) 1. 5 L. ha-1 and idosulfuron metal sodium+ foramsulfuron metal+ thincarbazone metal+ saiprosulfamed (Maister power OD)1. 25-1. 5 L. ha-1 Treatments showed the highest yield percentage and lowest yield with 12. 5 percentage The hand weeding and Nicosulfuron (Kroz) 2 L. ha-1 with 46. 4 percentage. Totally, The best herbicides were foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + thincarbazone (Maister power OD) 1-1. 5 L. ha-1 and foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + thincarbazone (Maister power OD) 1. 25 L. ha-1 + CITOGATE with more than 85% efficacy in weed control. Corresponding to the good efficacy, foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + thincarbazone (Maister power OD) 1 L. ha-1 for post-emergence at the 5-2 leaf weeds were suitable for application in corn fields.

Introduction: The genus of oat contains several species often infesting both wheat and barley fields all over the world. They compete tightly with these crops for space, water, nutrients, and light. Due to a continuous high selection pressure, herbicide resistance to ACCase inhibitors developed in wild oat populations. Accordingly, these observations approved the necessity of replacement of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides with other herbicide modes of action. The sulfonylurea herbicides were assessed as good alternatives for this purpose. Due to sulfonylurea herbicides ability to control a broad spectrum of grass and broad-leaved weeds, combined with their low application rate and low mammalian toxicity. The efficacy of herbicides can be enhanced using surfactants (1 and 18).

To evaluate the integrated management of weeds in red kidney bean, a split-plot experiment using randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2013 in the Damavand County. In this experiment, the mechanical control treatments consisted of two levels (no cultivation and one cultivation) asseigned to main plots and controlling chemical treatments consisted of six levels (non-application of herbicides, preemergence herbicide application of Pursuit with full dose of 1 liter per hectare, pre-emergence herbicide application of Pursuit a dose decreased 0.5 liters per hectare, post-emergence herbicide application of Pursuit dose reduced to 0.3 liters per hectare+2 thousand CITOGATE, post-emergence herbicide application of Pursuit with a reduced dose of 0.5 liters per hectare+ 2 thousand CITOGATE, post-emergence herbicide application of Pursuit full dose of 1 liter per hectar+2 thousand CITOGATE) to subplots. The results showed that the effects of interaction between herbicide application and cultivation for traits of carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, density of weeds and their dry weights were significant at 1 %, and grain yield at the 5% probability levels. The highest bean seed yield with an average of 5461.6 kg.ha-1 and lowest weed dry weight with an average of 345.9 kg.ha- 1 were related to pre-emergence herbicide and cultivation with a dose of 1 liter per hectare treatment. The difference between full and reduced doses of chemical weed control was nonsignificant. It could be concluded that integrated mechanical and chemical weed control not only may increase seed yield but also reduce, environmental hazards.

A field study with 3 replications based on RCBD was conducted in order to improve the efficacy of some herbicides using adjuvants in the control of broadleaf weeds of saffron. Oxadiazone, oxyfluorfen, rimsulfuron and dicamba+ tritosulfuron herbicides at recommended rates of 500, 700, 10 and 150 a. i. ha-1, respectively without adjuvants and in reduced rates 375, 480, 8. 75 and 112, respectively were used when they were tankmixed with and without CITOGATE (0. 2% v. v-1) and humix 99 (0. 25% v. v-1) as well as a control plot with no herbicide application and hand weeding. Weed species of Polygonum aviculare and Cardaria draba with relative density of 26% and 20. 5%, respectively were the dominant weeds in the experimental field. The results showed that hand weeding significantly increased the yield of saffron flower and corm. Application of oxyflurfen and oxadiazone in reduced rates decreased saffron damage while addition of CITOGATE to these herbicides increased the phytotoxicity damage in saffron. Addition of humix to these herbicides had no effect on phytotoxicity damage. Although application of rimsulfuron and dicamba+ tritosulfuron in reduced rates reduced phytotoxicity damage and increased yield of saffron, these herbicides have the potential to damage saffron even at reduced rates. Adding CITOGATE to these herbicides can increase the efficacy of these herbicides in weeds control but considering the potential of these herbicides in damage to saffron, application of these herbicides in saffron fields is not recommended even at reduced doses. Application of oxyflurfen at 480 a. i. ha-1 without adjuvant and tank-mixed with humix were best treatments for use in saffron fields. However, it is also possible to use oxadiazone at 375 a. i. ha-1 to control saffron broadleaf weeds.

Adjutants' ability in enhancing the performance of herbicides is a major priority in adjuvant research. To identify an appropriate adjuvant for pinoxaden and clodinafop propargyl herbicides against littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and ryegrass (Lolium temulentum L.), three separate experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. In all experiments treatments consisted of five doses of pinoxaden and two doses of each of the three commercial formulations of clodinafop propargyl (Topik, Behpik & Karent), with and without the adjuvants Adigor, CITOGATE, Citohef and Volk. Performance of all herbicides increased with enhancing their concentrations against the tested plants except for clodinafop propargyl in case of wild oat. The addition of Volk (followed by Adigor) had the highest effect on pinoxaden efficacy against ryegrass and littleseed canarygrass, supporting the idea that either Volk or Adigor solubilizes the cuticular waxes thus facilitating their uptake. Adding Volk and Adigor had the highest and lowest influence on pinoxaden performance against wild oat, respectively. Totally, the adjuvant receptivity for pinoxaden was higher than for clodinafop propargyl. Between the two surfactants, CITOGATE was more effective than Citohef in enhancing the efficacy of pinoxaden against ryegrass and littleseed canarygrass, while, Citohef was more effective in increasing the efficacy of pinoxaden against wild oat.

Introduction: Weed management is one of the most important aspects of successful crop production for supplying food for the rising population. Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarter) is among the most noxious weeds in the world due to its superior biology and tremendous ecological adaptations. It causes substantial yield losses in different field crops including potato, tomato, soybean, alfalfa, watermelon, sugar beet, and so on. Therefore, management of C. album L. is crucial for optimum crop production. Chemical management is a very relevant method for controlling C. album. For decreasing costs of production, adverse and edge effects of the herbicide, optimizing herbicides performance is very essential. It seems that the use of adjuvants is the best solution method to achieve optimizing herbicides performance. Using a proper adjuvant may be affected the performance and fate of herbicide in the environment and finally may be restrict introduced to the food chain. Therefore, using proper adjuvants known as a key point in adjuvants applying technology. This study was conducted for evaluating adjuvants effects on C. album control by Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr herbicides. Materials and Methods: In order to study the effects of adjuvants on the performance of Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr on C. album control two separated experiments as factorial based on completely randomized design were conducted in the research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand in 2016. Treatments included herbicide concentration at seven levels (0, 6. 25, 12. 5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose) and adjuvant at three levels (turnip oil, CITOGATE and without adjuvants) with four replications. For increasing seed germination and breaking seed dormancy of C. album, the seeds treated by sulfuric acid for 1 min, and then seeds washed with tap water for 10 min. Then the seeds were sown in potting trays (3 cm × 3 cm × 5 cm) filled with moistened peat. One week after sowing, at the one-leaf seedlings stages, they were transplanted to 2-L plastic pots filled with a mixture of sand, clay loam soil, and peat (1: 1: 1; v/v/v). The pots were sub-irrigated every two days. The seedlings were thinned to four per pot at the two-leaf stage. The spray was done at the four-leaf stage (Four weeks after sowing) by using a chargeable sprayer equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip delivering 250 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. Four weeks after spraying, the above ground tissue and roots of plant were harvested, oven dried and weighted. Results and Discussion: The results of these experiments showed that the use of additives, especially turnip oil, increased the efficacy of Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr herbicides in control of C. album. Turnip oil and CITOGATE increased the efficiency of Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr in reducing the production of by C. album above ground tissue1. 29, 1. 28, 2. 13, and 1. 30 times, respectively. However, these values were equal to 2. 79, 1. 98, 2. 35, and 1. 66 times for reducing the root biomass of C. album. The results of this study also showed that the root was more susceptible to herbicides in the presence of adjuvants. Increasing Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr herbicides concentrations led to decreased dry biomass produced by C. album. Turnip oil compared to CITOGATE showed high efficiency for improving Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr performance. The results of this study showed a similar trend with other scientific reports including Rashed mohassel et al (26) that reported the high efficiency of herbicides for controlling canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz. ) in the presence of vegetable oils compared with mineral oils. Conclusion: The result of this study showed different response of Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr to turnip oil and CITOGATE adjuvants. Therefore, applied proper herbicide adjuvant is a key factor in chemical weed management because this factor reduces herbicide rates for similar weed response. Using proper adjuvants may be increased herbicide performance more than other adjuvants. Moreover, results of these experiments revealed that root response was more than above ground tissue response to Bentazon+Acifluorfen and Imazethapyr herbicides in the presence of adjuvants.