To investigate the effects of water deficit stress and bio and non-bio fertilizers on Thymus Vulgaris, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. The treatments included water tension: W1=7 (Control), W2=12 and W3=17 days irrigation intervals as the main factor and bio and non - bio fertilizers at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= endo mycorrhiza (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria, B4= Pseudomonas bacteria and B5= chemical fertilizer (NPK) a sub – factors. Results showed that the highest flowering branches yield, a, b, and total CHLOROPHYLLs and nitrogen and phosphorus elements were observed in 17 days of irrigation (W3). 12 days of irrigation treatment (W2) showed the highest potassium element rate. The highest a, b and CHLOROPHYLLs and nitrogen were observed in Azospirillum treatment (B3). The highest total CHLOROPHYLL, phosphorus element, carotenoids and flavonoids were observed in Pseudomonas treatment (B4); the highest potassium element rate were obtained in mycorrhiza treatment (B2); the highest flowering branches yield were observed in NPK treatment (B5) and control (B1) treatment resulted in the highest anthocyanin

In order to determine relationship of leaf CHLOROPHYLL concentration and yield and quality using CHLOROPHYLL meter in sugar beet research was conducted using various levels of nitrogen fertilizer during different growth stages of sugar beet plants on research farm of Sugar beet Institute located in Karaj Kamal- Abad during 2007, design based on Randomized Complete Blocks in four replications. Five level pre-sowing nitrogen from the source of urea was applied in amounts of 0 (as control), 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg/h. CHLOROPHYLL concentration leaf blade number 5 was measured by CHLOROPHYLL meter (SPAD) at 12-15 leaf stage. In the same leaves, concentrations of nitrogen (by Kjeldahl method) was measured. The results showed that moreover 50% of the variability in yield is explained by the SPAD reading in the growth stages 12-15 leaf in sugar beet. SPAD value was, also related whit N concentration and a- amino N in root. The highest SPAD reading showed maximum a- amino N in root. Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on the CHLOROPHYLL meter reading. The least number read from SPAD was 38, which associated with no-applied nitrogen treatment. Highest yield of root (ton / hac) in this experiment was related to with N160, which the number read from the CHLOROPHYLL meter in levele was equal with 41.2. According to the obtained results, therefore, whit further research CHLOROPHYLL meter (SPAD) can be used as a simple rapid and non- destructive and may be useful to predict yield and may be a useful tool determine which field to harvest late in season.

In scale universal after drought, nitrogen is the most important factor limiting. After nitrogen, phosphorus is the most nutritious element for plant. Between nitrogen and phosphorus is a positive reaction and absorption nitrogen increases absorption phosphorus by plant. The Studies very few is performed in order to study fluorescence CHLOROPHYLL plant in nutritious shortage stress conditions. Reduction access to nitrogen decreases quantum yield in transfer electron (photo system II) and its maximum efficiency. Also shortage of nitrogen destroys photo system II and decreases fluorescence variable (Fv). Quantum yield increases consequently interaction effects nitrogen and phosphorus. In view of the fact that measurement concentration nitrogen with methods like measuring Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) is very costly, take up time and need to expensive equipment, so measurement CHLOROPHYLL index by hand CHLOROPHYLL meter and transportable is very comfortable. Also consumption of nitrogen is improved pigments, as rate of CHLOROPHYLL (a, b) increases by using nitrogen. this research in order to study relations between concentration nitrogen, CHLOROPHYLL (a, b), CHLOROPHYLL index and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and study parameters fluorescence CHLOROPHYLL and rate of CHLOROPHYLL (a and b) under effect of different treatment fertilizer of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat was performed. Afield experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Aliabadkatool city of Golestan province in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons. The experimental factors were three net nitrogen fertilizer (N, 0, 163 and 326 kg ha-1 and five net phosphorus fertilizer (P, 0, 98, 196, 294 and392 kg ha-1. ) In this experiment some traits such as CHLOROPHYLL index, nitrogen nutrition index, fluorescence CHLOROPHYLL parameters, rate of CHLOROPHYLL (a, b), nitrogen concentration, grain protein and grain yield were measured. The study of scattering diagram of data be showed, traits of CHLOROPHYLL index, nitrogen nutrition index, quantum yield, CHLOROPHYLL concentration (a, b), nitrogen concentration in plan and yield protein follow from simple linear regression model, as in each level nitrogen, with increase rate of fertilizer phosphorus, traits under study were prospered from increasing trend. Concentration of nitrogen and nitrogen nutrition index was under effect interaction year and nitrogen. Fluorescence CHLOROPHYLL parameters including minimum fluorescence, maximum fluorescence (Fo, Fm) against other traits were showed decreasing trend, That connected to increase quantum yield consequently increase in consumed fertilizer. Correlation of significant and positive between CHLOROPHYLL index, nitrogen nutrition index, nitrogen concentration, CHLOROPHYLL was observed. The maximum yield achieved at combination of fertilizer N326P392 and N326P294that point of view statically was in one of surface significantly. The results this experiment showed that very strong relation is between CHLOROPHYLL index, CHLOROPHYLL concentration, Nitrogen nutrition index and nitrogen available to plant, as with increase available nitrogen and phosphorus rate, quantum yield and grain yield increased grain yield, so can be used from CHLOROPHYLL meter set for assessment fertilizer in plant replacing methods of expensive and take up tim like nitrogen nutrition index. In management fertilizer in addition on nitrogen, phosphorus must be considered too.

CHLOROPHYLL fluorescence could be used as an index for evaluation of stress tolerance in plants. A field experiment was conducted using 3 wheat varieties along with seven irrigation levels in a factorial arrangement of a randomized complete block design with four replications. CHLOROPHYLL fluorescence parameters were measured on plant flag leaves about 3 weeks after anthesis. Variations of maximum CHLOROPHYLL fluorescence (FM), fluorescence variable (FV), minimum CHLOROPHYLL fluorescence (F0),half time of increase from F0 to FM (T1/2) and the photochemical capacity of photo-system II (FV/FM), were evaluated. Relative water content and flag leaf CHLOROPHYLL content were measured. Results showed that different irrigation levels affect FV, FV/FM and T1/2 significantly(P £0.05).Both factors of cultivars, and different irrigation levels affected CHLOROPHYLL content, RWC and grain yield (GY) significantly (p£0.01). Mean FV/FM, FV, T1/2 and FM declined as soil water content was decreased, but F0 almost remained constant for all the treatments. High yielding varieties exhibited higher values for TI/2, FM, FV/FM, FV, CHLOROPHYLL content and RWC. The highest correlation coefficient was observed between grain yield and FV as well as FV/FM, while the lowest detected between grain yield and F0.The existence of similar patterns of variation in fluorescence parameters in all varieties indicates that high yielding varieties can overcome the effects of drought stress during grain filling period, this being confirmed by correlation between fluorescence parameters and RWC.

In this study, eutrophication was investigated in Lake Ontario to identify the interactions among effective drivers. The complexity of such phenomenon was modeled using a system dynamics approach based on a consideration of constant and variable stoichiometric ratios. The system dynamics approach is a powerful tool for developing object-oriented models to simulate complex phenomena that involve feedback effects. Utilizing stoichiometric ratios is a method for converting the concentrations of state variables. During the physical segmentation of the model, Lake Ontario was divided into two layers, i.e., the epilimnion and hypolimnion, and differential equations were developed for each layer. The model structure included 16 state variables related to phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, carnivorous zooplankton, ammonium, nitrate, dissolved phosphorus, and particulate and dissolved carbon in the epilimnion and hypolimnion during a time horizon of one year. The results of several tests to verify the model, close to 1 Nash-Sutcliff coefficient (0.98), the data correlation coefficient (0.98), and lower standard errors (0.96), have indicated well-suited model’s efficiency. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the concentrations of the state variables in constant and variable stoichiometry simulations. Consequently, the consideration of variable stoichiometric ratios in algae and nutrient concentration simulations may be applied in future modeling studies to enhance the accuracy of the results and reduce the likelihood of inefficient control policies.

Concentration of CHLOROPHYLL-a is an adequate parameter for assessing the trophic state in the summer. So, check the photosynthetic content of pigments as a bioindicator of CHLOROPHYLLa,b,c were studied in six stations of Gomishan international wetland and a sea station. Furthermore were investigated the qualitative evaluation of trophic state of the wetland and its dynamics. Phytoplankton samples after the filtration were extracted in 90% acetone, and were obtained the absorption of pigments in Spectrophotometer. In addition to CHLOROPHYLL, were measured the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, turbidity and depth. Based on results, the increasing concentrations of CHLOROPHYLL-a in September showed the trophic level was hypertrophic and occurred the cyanobacterial bloom. The statistical results showed log Chl-a a positive significant correlation with water temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity (p<0.01). Also in the Gorganrud estuarine (S2) was measured the diatom bloom as pollution indicator in July. The Gomishan coastal wetland on one hand affected by the human activities in adjacent areas and the other hand under is the influence of global warming on a large scale and in its catchment area, that causing the intensity of evaporation, salinity and become its shallow. Accordingly, improving circulation of wetland water and connection with the sea, improving future guidelines on the estuarine management, reduce and control of urban wastewater and aquaculture wastewater filtration is suggested.