Background & aim: Thalassemia syndromes are the most common inherited hemoglobinopathies in the world characterized by various degrees of defective production of the alpha or beta globin chains. Iran is one of the countries located on the thalassemia belt and therefore thalassemia syndromes have a significant importance in our country. The most important mainstay of treatment in beta thalassemia is packed red blood cell transfusion. Thalassemic patients need lifelong transfusions and the consequence of these repeated transfusions is iron accumulation in different organs, such as heart, liver and endocrine gland. Methods: In this review, an electronic search was performed in databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science Direct within English literature (from January 2000 to January 2020). In this search 148 articles were found. The title, abstract and full text of all documents identified and those describing iron chelator drugs in thalassemic patients were finally selected. Overall, 124 of which were excluded because they did not correlate with the main topic or were duplicate. Results: The oldest iron chelator drug is deferoxamine which was administered via subcutaneous or intravenous injection. The first oral iron chelator is deferiprone and the second drug, deferasirox. In recent years, deferasirox coated tablets with the brand name Jadenu have been launched, which no longer need to be dissolved in water and has gained special popularity among thalassemia patients. Conclusion: Iron overload due to repeated transfusions results in organ dysfunction and finally heart failure, liver cirrhosis and multiple endocrinopathies develops. In order to prevent iron accumulation in vital organs, consumption of iron chelator drugs is necessary. Without the use of these drugs, the survival of thalassemia patients will be significantly reduced. Therefore, familiarity with iron chelator drugs has particular importance.

Clostridium botulinum type A produces a neurotoxin, which is Zinc protein, with endopeptidase activity. In recent years, Medical uses of type A neurotoxin has been approved by FDA (US Food and Drug Administration). It’s stability is one of the important factor in neurotoxin preparation, clinical uses, and storage. In this study, the role of Zinc concentration on production and biological activity (intera peritoneum injection in mice) of the type A botulinum neurotoxin was investigated. The Zinc concentration in the culture media with different pH value, was determined with Atomic absorption /flame measurements. The results showed that, glass container and pH value effectively alter neurotoxin activity. Based on the results, it suggests that Zinc concentrations of the culture media is important for production and toxicity of type A botulinum neurotoxin.

The phytoextraction of copper and zinc assisted by the chelators such as ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, diethylene triamino pentaacetic acid, ethylene diamine disuccinate and citric acid into sunflowers (Hh can act as effective cation exchangers. The negatively charged chelator complexes prevented binding to the cell walls of the roots and allowed complexes to enter the cells. Organic content contains fewer soil nutrients and has fewer negatively charged functional groups, such as carboxical, phenolical and hydroxyl; these adsorb negative free metal cations and reduce metal mobility, leading to less plant uptake. Regardless of different soils’ varying organic content, plant propagation ability can be listed in descending order as follows: cattails > reeds > sunflowers > Chinese cabbage. The mechanism of metal uptake was apoplastic transportation. Metal accumulation levels in different parts of plants are listed in descending order as follows: roots > stems > leaves. This is similar to the findings of most studies.

A novel polyfunctional dipodal ligand, L = N, N'-bis[2-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)methyleneamino]ethyl]propanediamide (DOTA2HNAP) was developed and characterized through elemental and spectral analyses. The complexation behavior of the ligand was investigated with Co2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ metal ions by potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods in H2O-DMSO mixture (99: 1) at μ = 0. 1M KCl and 25 ± 1 ° C. Four protonation constants for – OH of naphtholate groups and – N of imine were determined for the ligand. The ligand forms monomeric complexes of ML type with the metal ions, where coordination occurs through N-imine and O-naphtholate donors (N2O2). In the case of a complex of copper, an additional species, MLH-2, was formed due to ionization of the amide groups in a higher pH. The minimum energy structures of the metal complexes in solution have been obtained through molecular modeling studies by using the semi-empirical/ PM3 method. The photophysical properties of DOTA2HNAP were investigated in the presence of a wide range of biologically relevant metal ions. The fluorescence emission of the ligand at 450 nm ( ex = 361 nm) exhibited a remarkable enhancement with Zn2+ ions (1 equivalent) at physiological pH amongst all metal ions. Such behavior enables the ligand to be considered as a suitable model for the detection of Zn2+ towards environmental applications.

Background and Objective: Selection of iron chelator medication for thalassemic patients depends on clinical and laboratory characteristics such as age, serum ferritin and severity of different organ damage. Patient choice is also important because the compliance to treatment is essential. Policy makers should decide to import brands versus to facilitate making medications in the country. Insurance companies also should decide for coverage the costs. In this paper we report the current situation of iron chelator usage for patients with beta thalassemia major in our center.Method: We reviewed data the medical records of patients in November 2015.Results: There were 463 patients on iron chelator medications. Three hundred and thirty patients (71.2%) had regular blood transfusions and reminders were not on regular blood transfusion. Two hundred and fifty one (54%), and 212 (46%) were using one or two iron chelators, respectively. Two hundred and two (44%) patients were using a combination of a parenteral and one oral medication. Sixty seven (14%) patients were using only parenteral iron chelator. The most common used medication was Osveral (made in Iran by Osveh Pharmaceutical) in about one third of patients. All non-transfusion dependent patients were using Osveral. The parenteral medication (Desferrioxamine) was distributed in two brands. One imported brand as Desferal (Novartis) and the other as Desfonak (made in Iran by Ronak Daru).Deferiprone (made in Avesina, Iran) was used in combination with desferrioxamine in 141 patients and as the only treatment in 11 patients.Conclusion: Availability of different types of medications makes the opportunity to select the best protocol for patients.