Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, effectively suppresses the gastric acid secretion in the parietal cells of stomach. Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of generic products of omeprazole were compared with innovator product, Losec. Twelve healthy adult volunteers participated in the study which was conducted according to a randomized, open-label single dose Latin square cross over design. The preparations were compared using area under the plasma concentration – time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to reach peak plasma concentration (tmax). The two generic CAPSULES proved to be bioequivalent with brand-name omeprazole with regard to the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf and tmax. Moreover the parametric confidence intervals (90%) for the ratio of the Cmax, AUC0-8 and AUC0-∞ values lie between 0.8-1.2. The test formulations were found bioequivalent to the reference formulation by the one-way ANOVA test procedure. On the basis of these results, the 3 formulations were considered to be bioequivalent. Two subjects demonstrated increase in AUCs and high Cmax after administration of either product which may attribute to the ethnic disposition of omeprazole in these subjects.

Background: Food intake and metabolism might play central roles in causing and treating menstrual disorders. Vitamin D may lead to the improvement of folliculogenesis through anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH). This study aimed to compare the effect of vitamin D intake with that of the combined oral contraceptive (COC) CAPSULES on ovulatory dysfunction. Methods: This study was conducted on 60 eligible women referred to Kowsar Qazvin Hospital with a complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). They had a history of excessive, long, and irregular bleeding. The participants in the control and intervention groups received 1 oral LD capsule and a combination of vitamin D and LD CAPSULES on a daily basis for 3 months, respectively. The menstrual bleeding volume, the number of menstrual days, and the menstrual cycle length were evaluated before, during, and after the intervention. The Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman test, independent t test, and Cochran Q test were used in SPSS version 24 for data analysis. P values less than 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The menstrual bleeding intensity decreased significantly in the intervention group (vitamin D–LD capsule,P = 0. 001). Over time, both intervention and control groups showed a significant improvement in the number of menstrual days and menstrual cycle length, resulting in a more normal menstrual cycle. However, these 2 parameters remained more natural in the intervention group, a finding which did not indicate any significant differences. Conclusion: Vitamin D can be used along with LD CAPSULES as a supplementary treatment to lessen menstrual bleeding intensity.

CAPSULES from a range of pathogenic bacteria are the key determinants of virulency. The capsule has been implicated in virulence of Pasteurella multocida. In this study a type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used for capsular typing of 39 avian P. multocida isolates from Iran. The PCR amplified a fragment of 1044 bp from all of tested isolates. It was found that all avian P. multocida isolates belonged to capsular type A. The sequence alignment of the fragment showed a high similarity (>96%) with the published sequences of P. multocida hya gene in the Gene Bank. It was recognised that P. multocida capsular group A is the dominant cause of fowl cholera in Iran.    

Purpose: Externaland extreme CAPSULES are parts of cerebral white matter, and accordingto the classic knowledge they must have no neuronal cell bodies.This researchis designedto find neurons in the external and extreme CAPSULES, and to determine that these neurons are functional or aberrant. Materitais and Methods: Ten adult normal human brains from both sexes were studied using 15,µm serial coronal sections after appropriate fixation in 4% formalin and processing. These sections were stained by Kluver-Barrera and immunohistochemical method for synaptophysin. External and extreme CAPSULES in stained sections observed with an optic microscope to find and verify the presence or absence of neurons in these areas of white matter. Results: In the external capsule, some neurons with small to moderate size range were observed. They were spherical, ovoid, fusiform, polygonal, and pyramidal in shape. These neurons were scattered among delicated nerve fibers or were located in a chain-like manner. The long axis of the fusiform neurons was parallel to the nerve fibers of the external capsule. The apical process of the pyramidal neurons which moved upward disapeared within a short distance of the cell body. The neuronal content of the external capsule increased on passing laterally (toward the claustrum) and ventrally. These neurons were strongly synaptophysin - positive. The neurons in the extreme capsule tend to be more fusiform in shape, lying with their long axis parallel to the vertical fibers of this capsule. These neurons were also scattered among nerve fibers or were located in a chain-like manner. The neurons in the extreme capsule were strongly synaptophysin - positive. There was no accumulation of neurons (such as cellular bridges or islands) in these two CAPSULES. The demarcation between claustrum and both CAPSULES and between insular cortex and extreme capsule were less distinct than between putamen and external capsule. Conclusion: This study revealed that there are some synaptophysin -positive neurons in the external aI).d extreme CAPSULES (as parts of white matter) of human brain. These neurons may have similar connections and functions to neurons of claustrum or insuia.