Background: CANDIDURIA is one of the most common symptoms of urinary tract infections caused by several species of Candida spp.. Several antifungals are available to treat such candidal infections. During the last decades, resistance to antifungal especially to non-albicans species has increased.Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility to antifungal drugs of Candida species isolated from CANDIDURIA in Ahvaz.Materials and Methods: Ninety three species of yeasts and yeast like organisms isolated from urine samples [Candida albicans (58), C. glabrata (25), C. tropicalis (4), C.krusei (1), unknown Candida species (4) and Geotrichum species (1)] were used for susceptibility tests.All species were re-identified based on standard mycological methods. Then a suspension of each isolate of overnight cultures was prepared in 1ml of sterile PBS and adjusted to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards. In the present study several antifungal drugs (fluconazole, amphotericine B, ketoconazole, econazole, itraconazole) were used for susceptibility test using disk diffusion method.Results: In the present study all tested isolates were sensitive/dose dependent to amphotericine B and nystatin, whereas only one isolate of C. glabrata was resistant to both antifungals.Resistance against fluconazole (48.4%) and ketoconazole (26.9%) were observed among tested isolates. Resistance against fluconazole was detected among all tested organisms, 34.4% of C. albicans, and 7.5% of C. glabrata. On the other hand, all isolates were sensitive to econazole (93.5% sensitive, 6.5% dose dependent).Conclusions: It was concluded that Candida species isolated from CANDIDURIA in hospitalized patients had excellent in vitro sensitivity against econazole. Other suitable antifungal drugs were amphotericine B and nystatin, itraconazole. Whereas, resistance against ketoconazole (26.9%) and especially fluconazole (48.4%) was significant.

Background and objectives: The incidence of CANDIDURIA caused by Candida spp. has increased in recent years, particularly in hospitalized patients. CANDIDURIA is most commonly caused by Candida albicans,however, an increase in the prevalence of non-albicans species has been observed during last decades. This study aimed at molecular identification of Candida species isolated from CANDIDURIA in hospitalized patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 530 hospitalized patients in two hospitals in the Mazandaran Province, Iran. Midstream urine specimens were collected and then cultured on CHROMagar Candida medium. Molecular identification of common Candida species was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method after enzymatic digestion with MspI. C. albicans and Candida parapsilosis species complexes were identified by amplification of the HWP1 and intein-containing vacuolar ATPase precursor genes, respectively. Results: The frequency of CANDIDURIA was estimated at 14% among hospitalized patients. Of 74 samples positive for CANDIDURIA, 65 (87. 8%) were isolated from females. The most common predisposing factor to CANDIDURIA was diabetes (n=36,48. 6%). The most frequent isolates were C. albicans complex (n=44,59. 4%), followed by Candida glabrata (n= 16,21. 6%), Candida tropicalis (n= 10,13. 5%), Candida Krusei (n= 3,4%) and C. parapsilosis (n= 1,1. 3%). Conclusion: Based on the results, the conventional and molecular methods produced similar results for identification of Candida species. However, accurate identification of Candida spp. requires the use of molecular techniques such as PCRRFLP, HWP1, and intein-containing vacuolar ATPase precursor genes. Nevertheless, chromogenic methods such as CHROMagar Candida can be used for diagnosis of Candida spp. in laboratories with limited resources.

Background & Aims: Some Candida species especially Candida albicans are known as flora of human and animals body and coexist in skin, throat and gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. They can primarily be colonized in hospitalized patients and cause diseases. Resent studies have reported increasing rate of candidauria in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of CANDIDURIA in ICU patients with urinary tract catheterization.Method: In a descriptive cross- sectional study, 110 hospitalized patients in ICU over 18 years old who had more than 7 days urinary tract catheter were studied. Urine sample was taken immediately after catheter replacement, sent to the laboratory in less than 1 hour, and analyzed. Data collection was done by a questionnaire and check list.Results: A total of 110 patients including 65 men (59.1%) and 45women (40.9%) were studied of whom 29 ones (26.4%) had CANDIDURIA based on urine culture. Candida albicans was the most common species (34.3%). Risk factors of CANDIDURIA were age, duration of hospitalization and urinary tract catheterization, using more than two antibiotics, corticosteroid consumption, and diabetes mellitus.Conclusion: Due to the increasing rate of candida infection in hospitalized patients especially ICU patients, more attention for prevention of CANDIDURIA especially in those with CANDIDURIA risk factors is recommended.

Background: Renal transplantation has long been considered the gold standard medical care for patients with end-stage renal disease. CANDIDURIA continue to be a significant complication for renal transplant recipients. The risk of infections depends on the amount of immunosuppression and exposure to the potential pathogens.Objective: Molecular identification of Candida species isolated from renal transplant recipients with CANDIDURIA.Methods: Between 2009 and 2014, 62 Candida isolates were collected from 485 renal transplant recipients. All isolates were identified by PCR-RFLP profiles after digestion with the restriction enzyme Msp I.Results: C. albicans (44%) and C. parapsilosis complex (5%) had the most and the least prevalence, respectively. Male to female ratio was 26/36, ranging in age from 19 to 62 years.Conclusion: Due to the fact that CANDIDURIA is connected with increased mortality in renal transplant recipients, precise identification of Candida species by molecular techniques can lead to an appropriate therapy among high risk patients. C. albicans remains the most prevalent species isolated from renal transplant recipients, Nevertheless, the number of non- C. albicans Candida species looks to be emerging.

Background and Purpose: The presence of Candida yeasts in urine, known as CANDIDURIA, is an indicator of infection or colonization of the urinary tract by Candida species. This condition in diabetic patients can be hazardous due to diminished immune system response. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of CANDIDURIA in diabetic patients and to identify its causative agents. Furthermore, the demographic and laboratory (HbA1c, urine glucose and pH, urine culture colony count, and fasting blood sugar) data and their possible associations with CANDIDURIA were investigated.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed on 305 diabetic patients referred to the diabetes research center, Hamedan, Iran, during April 2015 to September 2015. Urine and blood specimens were collected and urine analysis, urine culture, FBS, and HbA1c tests were performed. Positive cases were subjected to colony count and the causative agents were subsequently identified through the routine identification tests, as well as colony color in CHROMagar Candida medium, and the assimilation patterns in API 20 C auxanographic method.Results: Among the 305 cases, 38 (%12.5) were positive for CANDIDURIA. Causative agents were identified as Candida glabrata (n=19, 50%), C. albicans (n=12, 31.6%), C. krusei (n=4, 10.5%), C. tropicalis (n=2, 5.3%), and C. kefyr (n=1, 2.6%). According to the results of the statistical analyses, there were significant association between CANDIDURIA and female gender, high FBS and urine glucose, uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c ³8), and acidic urine pH (P<0.05).Conclusion: Considering the high incidence rate of CANDIDURIA in diabetic patients, control of diabetes, predisposing factors, and causal relationships between diabetes and CANDIDURIA should be highlighted.

Background: CANDIDURIA is one of the most common infections in hospitalized patients, which is created by the administration of long-term antibiotic, disseminated candidiasis, urinary tract problems, and having long-term urine catheter. Prevalence of the CANDIDURIA in women is more than men. The aim of present study was to determine the frequency of the Candida species of CANDIDURIA in hospitalized patients in nephrology department, Labbafinejad hospital, Tehran, Iran.Methods: This study was carried out on 53 patients. The early identification of species was done using CHROMagar Candida medium. The genomic DNA was extracted using boiling method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region. The polymerase chain reaction products were then digested with MspI restriction enzyme. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) products were revealed on 1.5% and 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively, to identify the yeast.Findings: Among 53 patients, 14 were diagnosed with CANDIDURIA. In our study, the frequency of CANDIDURIA was 26.4%. Separately, 5 patients (35.7%) were men and 9 (64.3%) were women. Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) had the highest frequency (42.8%). Other identified Candida species were C. albicans (21.4%), C. krusei (21.4%), C. tropicalis (7.2%), and C. parapsilosis (7.2%).Conclusion: Increase in non-albicans species, due to resistance to antifungal drugs and increased use of immunosuppressive drugs, have resulted in many problems for CANDIDURIA treatment. Therefore, identification and appropriate treatment of these elements, especially in nephrology ward of hospitals, seems to be necessary.