various methods have so far been applied to CALIBRATE electromagnetic induction data. Throughout the present research, Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) as well as artificial intelligence techniques (i.e. ANFIS, GA, ANNs) were applied to CALIBRATE the apparent Electrical Conductivity (ECa)- measured using an electromagnetic induction instrument and Electrical Conductivity (ECe)- as measured in saturation paste. A number of 600 soil samples were collected from Ardakan (Central Iran), divided into two subsets for calibration (80%) and testing (20%) of the models. To evaluate models, some such evaluation parameters as root mean square, average error, and coefficient of determination were applied. Results indicated that ANFIS model yields a more accurate estimate than the other techniques where this model increased accuracy of predictions for about 9, 9, 5 and 2% for EC15, EC30, EC60, and EC100, respectively. Higher performance of ANFIS to predict soil salinity might be because of somehow compensation for the uncertainties. Following ANFIS model, GA and ANN resulted in better accuracies in comparison with multivariate regression. As a whole, results indicated that artificial intelligence methods were of a higher performance than the regression techniques in calibrating electromagnetic induction data.

Today, conservation and protection of water resources and optimum utilization and equitable economy and it is a global issue And therefore the century of water as a universal human challenge is to learn. Water is the primary factor limiting agricultural production, thus increasing the need for optimum utilization of water resources, especially in Agricultural use, which comprises the bulk of the country's water resources is felt. This paper presents an algorithm for performance evaluation Zayandehrood Dam with emphasis on the centrality of water. To achieve the objectives of this study used modeling method reservoir operation. WEAP model to be acceptable The simulation of water resources systems. Thus collected after the completion of the required information, file input Formed WEAP model is CALIBRATEd for a period. Then the optimal exploitation policies Reservoir model in various scenarios of water use in the basin, and in each case the WEAP model was implemented and results. Results are evaluated. In this study, 5 scenarios were evaluated four scenarios that reduce crop acreage Macro and three scenarios and two scenarios of growth required to reduce Nyazaby drinking water industry, and the combination of these two scenarios. scenarios SC2 inter strongest consider Insurance and Insurance Water needs and the maximum volume of water stored in the reservoir during the year better than the other scenarios for reservoir. We carry in our drought.

Introduction and Objective Urban watersheds have become important due to the problems related to water resources management, including floods and pollution control. Therefore, the approach of engineers in recent years is toward computer software for estimating and simulating runoff. So far, many rainfall-runoff software with different capabilities and complexity have been developed and used for flood forecasting. The approach of the current research is to simulate the surface runoff and to identify the flood and critical nodes under the influence of climate change and to determine the efficiency of the surface drainage network in the west of six districts of Tehran municipality.Materials and Methods This research includes two parts of hydrology and water flow. In the hydrological department, after calculating the concentration time, in order to extract the rainfall intensity of the plan and to analyze the maximum rainfall for different durations of the base period (1980-2020), the near future period (2021-2050) and the far future (2051-2100) and preparing the IDF curve at different times and durations, based on the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the Abkhezer-Qahraman method was used. In the water flow section, the assessment of the drainage network and flood control nodes in the western part of the six municipalities of Tehran in the base period (1980-2020) and under the influence of climate change (2021-2050), (2051-2100) in the RCP 2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the period 25 and 50 year returns were made.Results and Discussion The results showed that the values ​​of rainfall intensity in the duration of rainfall and different return periods in all three scenarios have increased compared to the frequency intensity curve of the base period, and the maximum rainfall intensity has increased in the short-term time base, and with the passage of time, the maximum rainfall intensity has decreased. and IDF curves are affected by short-term rainfall. The results of the model calibration showed that there is a good agreement between the observed and simulated data in the simulation of water runoff in the five investigated rainfall events. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the impervious areas have the greatest impact on the change of peak water discharge. The results of the evaluation of flood nodes showed that, for example, the number of flood nodes in the base period (1980-2020) and under the influence of climate change in the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios (2021-2050) for the 25-year return period are 7, 10, and 12, respectively. The number of flood nodes in the base period (1980-2020) and under the influence of climate change scenario RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 (2051-2100) for the return period of 50 years are 9, 14 and 17, respectively.Conclusion and Suggestions  The results of this research showed that the number of flood catchment nodes in the basin increased in the 25-year return period compared to the 50-year return period in each period. According to the identification of critical nodes in the research area, by applying modern methods of urban runoff control, such as creating permeable surfaces and gardens, absorption wells and reservoirs and storage ponds, the runoff can be controlled at the source to reduce the volume and peak water in the downstream, so that the probability of occurrence Minimize flooding and flooding. Since the percentage of impervious areas in the study area is high, it is recommended to increase the dimensions of the channels in terms of the passage of flood during rains and to have the ability to direct more amount of runoff and reduce the amount of peak flow of runoff in the location of super critical nodes.

Due to the growing population, crop production is one of the essential needs of the society. Since soil and water salinity can have a great impact on the crop yield loss; so, the appropriate irrigation method can be applied to reduce these effects. In this study, the system dynamics model was developed using VENSIM. The model simulated the effect of salinity and water stress on the crop yield, moisture and salinity of the root zone. In order to CALIBRATE and validate the model results, 9 treatments data were collected from the Right Abshar Irrigation Network, on the Zayandehrud basin. After statistical analysis and calculation of RMSE index and the standard error, the fit between the measured and simulated crop yield, the moisture and salinity of root zone was calculated. The average of these indexes for all treatments was 2776. 98 kg/ha and 0. 07 for crop yield, 0. 026 and 0. 09 for soil moisture and final, 0. 54 dS/m and 0. 08 for the salinity of root zone, respectively. The results showed that the model could be CALIBRATEd accurately and completely in estimating the crop yield with the reasonable accuracy.

Estimation of flood due to rainfall has been always a main subject in hydrology science. According to the importance of unit hydrograph for river flood forecasting and design of hydraulic structures and being not sufficient data at hydrometry stations of Khuzestan watershed, necessity of using artificial unit hydro graph for estimating of flood in rivers with no data is obvious. Moreover, because of the importance of rainfall in producing runoff, evaluation of the effect of loss models in production of water surface is important. In this research, two different models were evaluated: Initial- continues loss and SCS loss. So two direct runoff models include SCS and Snyder were applied for simulation of flood hydrograph due to excess rainfall. Therefore with 15 series rainfall- runoff data of Abolabbas watershed, HEC-HMS model was applied to CALIBRATE and validate selective models. Three statistical indexes (mean relative error, root mean square error and coefficient of correlation) are applied to estimate the errors. The results of mean relative error of flow peak and time of flood peak in evaluation models show that the best estimation of flow peak and time of flood peak obtain in SCS loss model with Snyder unit hydro graph and in initial- continues loss model. Comparison of the average values of root mean square error show that minimum value of RMSE is related to SCS loss model with Snyder unit hydrograph and in initial- continues loss with SCS unit hydrograph. This show that these models the best results among other models for their ability in separation of excess rainfall. Finally, the occurrences that are simulated by SCS unit hydro graph and SCS loss models have the best correlation with actual conditions. Therefore these methods are able to accurately simulate the flood extent within a poorly gauged basin.

Kor as an important large river in Marvdasht zone, has been utilized for agriculture, water supply, storage, industry and other consumption, Certainly hydrologic study is an important issue in these projects. Data deficiency in most of watersheds has forced us to use indirect methods such empirical relations for flood runoff prediction. Preventing over and underestimation in predictions, it is necessary to CALIBRATE equations for the slightly watershed. In this research we are going to CALIBRATE some common empirical equations like Horton and fuller. For this reason regionalization with cluster analysis to determine homogenous regions will be done at first. Statistical probability analysis, another issue to estimate peak flood runoff at different return period, and evaluation of Doroodzan dam effect on the statistical characteristics of river regime, also will be assessed in this research.

In today's archaeological studies around the world, the use of absolute chronology by radiocarbon or carbon 14 method is common and can even reduce errors due to incorrect stratigraphy and anxious layers for explorers. The accuracy of measurement in this method is very high provided correct sampling, and with the advancement of science and technology, software for specialized and complex calculations to convert and CALIBRATE the results to the calendar age, which used by archaeologists, was created. One of these softwares is OxCal program which can be used for researchers both online and offline. In this paper, in addition to a brief explanation of the method of performing Radiocarbon dating and Calibration, we’ ll show you how to use this program to CALIBRATE single, Sequential phases, sub-phases (Contiguous phases) and overlapping phases and also using these analysis.

The CSIR- National Physical Laboratory of India (NPLI) constantly prepares and disseminates Indian Reference Materials (Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya; BND®) in various areas. Recently, NPLI has prepared the Indian Reference Material (IRM) of α-Alumina to CALIBRATE the Powder X-Ray Diffractometer (PXRD). In this report, the preparation and certification procedure of α-Alumina (BND 2001) has been examined as an Indian Reference Material that can be utilized as the primary standard for powder X-ray diffraction instruments. The developed IRM was utilized to CALIBRATE PXRD for phase purity. The stability of the prepared α-alumina was studied by using powder X-ray diffractometer. The homogeneity and the particle size of the material were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. The repeatability of the preparation and pertinent characterization were affirmed using different CALIBRATEd instruments. The phase purity of the material was verified by performing a round-robin test, and the related uncertainty estimations were reported in the paper.

River and reservoir routing is very important in prediction of flood outflow from the catchment area. Therefore, accuracy of this calculation has close relationship with the increasing of accuracy in the outflow from the catchment area. The Muskingum method is a river routing methods, K and X coefficients are determined according to the type of catchment area and the river. But in most watersheds, these coefficients are considered approximately due to lack of parameters. Therefore, the aim of this study is to CALIBRATE the Muskingum method in the Garmrood basin by determines K and X coefficients. Therefore At first, HEC-HMS software was used to calculate the flood for each sub-basin and then river routing was calculated using a computerized model. Aco algorithm is used in order to CALIBRATE total of 36 decision variables (including 18 variables for K and 18 variables for X). Root Mean Square Error between computed and observed hydrograph data were taken as objective function. The results showed that the optimal coefficients reduced the value of the objective function about 28% and 4. 2% respectively in calibration and verification periods.