The present investigation reports the results of the cadmium accumulated by Salix matsudana, S. alba var. Tristis and S. babylonica in a pot experiment at six different levels of cadmium supply (0, 0.5, 2, 6, 25, 60 mg/kg). All tested Salix species showed the different abilities to remove cadmium, which depend on species and concentrations level. Cadmium accumulated by the leaves, twigs and roots linearly increased with increasing cadmium supply levels. The higher concentration cadmium treatments significantly promoted the cadmium accumulation. S. matsudana always performed the stronger ability of cadmium accumulation under different cadmium supply treatments, while S. alba var. Tristis and S. babylonica had the poorer accumulation ability. Cadmium in soil was more intensively absorbed in the leaves and twigs for all three Salix species, was not retained in roots and was transferred to aboveground plant tissues. The results indicated that Salix has an excellent potential for cadmium phytoremediation because of its high accumulation ability.

Aquatic plants have a high and different capacity to absorb heavy metals. Therefore, their use is recommended as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly method to remove metals from contaminated environments. In this study, accumulation, bio-concentration and transfer factors of two heavy metals nickel and cadmium by three plant species Scirpus tabernaemontani, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia by applying three levels (nickel with levels of 20, 50 and 150 mg/kg and cadmium levels of 10, 35 and 85 mg/kg) cultured in pot culture medium with a sandy bed for 60 days in winter of 2017 were studied. After preparing the substrate, adding nutrient chemicals and concentrating the substrate to the studied metals, each culture medium was randomly assigned to one treatment in three replications. The results showed that the effect of different levels of concentration of both metals and type of aquatic plant on accumulation in plant organs was significant. Also, the accumulation of the two studied metals in the underground organs was far more than the same values in the aerial organs. Maximum amount of nickel accumulation was observed in underground and aerial organs related to Typha latifolia with values of 71. 6 and 35. 8 mg/kg and 34. 6 and 12. 5 mg/kg in dry matter for cadmium. The highest transfer factor about nickel and cadmium were recorded for Typha latifolia with values of 0. 44 and 0. 34. In terms of bio-concentration factor, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia with values of 0. 68-0. 78 and 0. 71-0. 84 for cadmium, and 0. 48-0. 70 and 0. 58-0. 70 for nickel are in ranges are considerable. Due to the fact that the present experiment was conducted in the warm season in Khuzestan, due to the high air temperature, high evapotranspiration of aquatic plants can be a good reason to absorb more heavy metals.

In this research, a cadmium(II) nano coordination compound, [Cd(dmph)I2] (1), {dmph= 2, 9-dimethyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (neocuproine)}, was synthesized by sonochemical method from cadmium(II) acetate, KI and the neocuproine ligand. The nano-structure (1) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. The compound 1 was structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and showed that Cd(II) ion is four-coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral configuration with two N atoms from a neocuproine ligand and two terminal iodine atoms. The thermal stability of compound 1 both in its bulk form and nano-size form had been studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) for comparsion with each other. Pure phase CdO and CdI2 nanoparticles were prepared by calcination of compound 1 at 700 ° C under air atmosphere and hydrothermal processing from the same compound at 150 ° C for 48 h, respectively. The morphology and phase of the prepared samples were further studied using SEM and XRD. The sonochemical method resulted in a significant reduction of reaction time, reaction temperature and particle sizes of the products.

Cadmium is a toxic metal that affect human and other organism’s life. In other to study the effect of Cd stress on morphological traits in 40 barley genotypes, a split plot experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2011. CdCl2 was used in two levels (control and 50 mmol). Seeds were cultivated in perlite and Pit moss medium, and Hogland nutrient solutions (with and without Cd) were used for irrigation. After maturity stage morphological traits were measured. Analysis of variance showed considerable variation for Cd accumulation between the genotypes. At control level, the genotypes had not accumulation of Cd. At Cd stress level, the grains of Abidar, Dasht, Sahra, GhareArpa, Yensivi, Daytonrani and Sahand varietis and some of lines had not accumulation of Cd and the line number of 18 (F-A2-11) and the Bahman varietis had highest Cd accumulation. Also, the highest accumulation of Cd in the shoot and leaves was observed in the line number of 18. Then, the lines 24, 25, 29 and Bahman variety had higher Cd accumulation in the shoot and leaves. The lines 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16 and 20 and Yensivi and Makoei varieties had the lowest Cd accumulation in the shoot and leaves. In total, Cd stress reduced measured traits mean in most genotypes. Cluster analysis of the genotypes based on measured traits categorized the genotypes into five groups. At control and Cd stress levels. The Gharearpa variety had higher mean for most traits and at control and stress levels located in groups that had higher traits average than other groups.

Ferrites are one of the magnetic ceramics that, due to their wide application in various industries, scientists have always tried to optimize their structural, magnetic, electrical, etc. properties. One of the analyzes that scientists use for structural characterization is Raman spectroscopy. In this research, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles doped with cadmium, as well as cadmium-chromium were synthesized. In order to confirm the spinel structure and obtain the structural parameters, X-ray diffraction analysis was performed. The particle size obtained between 53 and 59 nm and the lattice parameter between 8.39 and 8.52 angstroms. The photographs obtained from the Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) showed that the structure of nanoparticles consists of multi-particle aggregates consisting of spherical nanometer particles. Then the synthesized nanoparticles were subjected to Raman analysis, in addition to determining the spinel type of the samples, the changes in the cations distribution in the spinel lattice were investigated. In this analysis, it was observed that in addition to the five active Raman modes (A1g, Eg, 3T2g) that are characteristic of the spinel structure, other peaks that are characteristic of the mixed spinel structure are also visible in the Raman spectrum of the samples.

Field application of sewage sludge is 'potentially beneficial as an inexpensive plant nutrient source. However, Problems with application of sewage sludge may exist due to high concentrations of heavy metals. Accumulation of heavy metals, especially Cadmium in soil and plant uptake are important issues to be considered. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effect of sewage sludge and Cadmium application on Cadmium concentrations in cress (Lepidum sutivum L), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleraceac L.). Concentrations of Cd equal to 0, 42.5, 85 mg/kg were added to top soil and sewage sludge was treated too (50 ton/ha). Fifty days after planting, plants were harvested and Cd concentrations in shoots and roots were measured separately. The result showed that in both sludge treated and untreated soils, application of 85 mg Cd/kg increased Cd concentrations in shoots and roots significantly. The Cd concentrations in shoots and roots of each plant were similar. Also, no significant differences were observed in Cd concentrations in shoots among the treated plants. Hut the Cd concentration in the roots of cress was significantly higher than lettuce and spinach. Concentrations of Cd in plants, was significantly higher in sewage sludge amended soils compared to Cd treated cases.

Background and objectives: The classification of Cd as the Group I carcinogenic and its position among the most toxic metals highlights the need of understanding and mitigate its effects in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Cadmium in soil exist as soluble, exchangeable, carbonate bonded, and associated with FeMn oxides forms, which play an important role in the mobility, bioavailability, and potential toxicity of cadmium. Knowledge about the distribution and behavior of cadmium fractions is essential for efficient environmental management and remediation strategies aimed at reducing Cd bioavailability in soil and protecting food production systems. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in cadmium fractions due to its addition to several calcareous soil samples over time.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a 2-factor factorial design with 13 soil samples and two levels of cadmium (12.5 and 25 mg/kg soil) with two replications in a completely randomized design. The total number of samples was 52. Soils were contaminated with 12.5 and 25 mg Cd Kg in duplicate and stored at laboratory temperature and 20% w/w moisture content. At 40 and 90 days after incubation, a wet sample about 2 g was taken and its dry weight was calculated using moisture content of the samples. Sequential extraction with F1) distilled water (solution form), F2) neutral 1M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) (exchangeable form), F3) 1M NH4OAc at pH 5 (carbonate form); F4) 0.04 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 25% v/v acetic acid at pH 3 (associated with iron and manganese oxides); F5) 30% hydrogen peroxide pH 2 with 5 ml 0.3M NH4OAc in 20% v/v nitric acid (form bonded to organic matter); and F6) 7 M nitric acid (residual form) were performed and the cadmium concentration of the extracts was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.Results: Cadmium added to soils was recovered mainly in Exch-Cd, Car-Cd and FeMn oxides forms. The sum of Exch-, Car- and FeMn oxides forms constituted more than 90% of the cadmium added to the soils. On the day 40 of incubation at 12.5 and 25 mg cadmium levels, the average exchangeable cadmium was 2.41 and 5.68 mg kg-1, respectively, equivalent to 19 and 23 percent of the added Cd. A large portion of applied Cd was recovered in carbonate form at the both times of incubation. The average cadmium carbonate at the levels of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg on day 40 was 7.15 and 14.65 mg/kg, respectively. At both levels of Cd, approximately 58% of Cd was recovered as Car-Cd on 40d of incubation, which decreased to approximately 40% by 90d. Average content of FeMn oxid bonded Cd on the day 40 was 0.98 and 3.3 mg kg-1 at 12.5 and 25 cadmium levels, respectively, constituted 8 and 13% of the added Cd. On day 90, FeMn oxides-Cd increased to an average of 2.98 and 6.68 mg/kg, which was 24 and 27% of the applied Cd, respectively. Conclusion: In the present study, the mobility of cadmium was high and the soil potential to stabilize Cd was low despite the calcareous nature of the studied soils. It seems that CEC and OM content are the soil properties that may influence Cd fractions transformation, and the increase of these two properties could reduce Cd mobility in soil.

Background: The contamination of ecosystems with heavy metals is an important issue in current world. Removal of heavy metals from contaminated sites using microorganisms is a cheaper alternative to chemical technologies. The aim of present study was isolation and characterization of Cadmium resistant bacteria, determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and bio removal potential of the isolates. Materials and Methods: Isolation of Cadmium resistant bacteria was carried out by enrichment method by medium supplemented with Cadmium chloride. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Cd2+ was determined by the agar plate dilution method and the Cadmium removal evaluated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Identification was carried out in accordance with Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results: A total of 40 Cadmium resistant strains were isolated from Salour River in Islamshahr. The results showed that bacterial strain ST1 isolated from sediments was highly resistant to Cadmium. The MIC of Cd2+ for selected isolate was 6 mM. The isolate was able to remove 65. 2% of Cadmium at Cadmium concentration of 1 mM. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ST1 belongs to the genus Proteus with 99% similarity to Proteus mirabilis then designated as Proteus sp. HM_AF12. The strain had a wide pH tolerance of 5. 5– 9. 0, and salt tolerance was up to 7. 5% NaCl. Conclusion: The results implied that Proteus sp. HM_AF12 can be a low cost and environmental friendly bio sorbent that may have important application in Cd2+removal from polluted environment.