Purpose: The Holy Qur'an is full of principles and foundations that can be the light of the way for better service from the agents to the general public. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the behavioral competencies of street-level bureaucrats based on Quranic verses.Design/ methodology/ approach:  The approach of this research is qualitative and its method is content analysis. For this purpose, Quranic verses related to the behavioral competencies of street-level bureaucrats were first analyzed and coded. Then the identified codes were compared, analyzed and categorized with other authentic Islamic texts. Research Findings: Findings shows that the behavior of street-level bureaucrats and many issues and challenges related to it will affect the satisfaction of citizens. The most important behavioral competencies that were counted from the Quran and Islamic texts in this case include: justice, anti-tyranny and fairness, commitment to work, trustworthiness, good company, patience, moral virtues, the ability to solve problems, provide information and respond accurately and calmly. The dimension of "justice and anti-tyranny and fairness" includes the components of "justice among people, not oppressing oneself and others, oppression by non-believers". The components of the dimension of work" include "responsibility and accountability, acceptance of one's mistakes, advice for tact and rationality, and keeping promises". The dimension of "trustworthiness" consists of 4 components: "observance including promise and trust, handing over the trust to its owner, being trusted, and maintaining and informing about assets and resources". The components of the "Patience" dimension were identified, including 4 components "Patience and Endurance, Punctuality (the value of time), reward for meritorious actions such as patience, patience against the enemy's harassment". The components of the "good association" dimension include 11 components of "cooperation and participation in good deeds, sacrifice and self-sacrifice, forgiveness (forgiveness), forgiveness and correction, peace and humility, effort and its reward, moderation and moderation." , mocking and not looking for fault, goodness and service to servants (citizens or general people), anger, and spending" were identified. The components of the dimension of "informing and responding accurately and calmly" including 4 components of "informing role, helping people and the disabled, respecting the rights of others, and paying attention to the environment as a way to meet needs" should be identified.Limitations & Consequences: It is obvious that with a longer investigation and time, a larger number of Islamic sources that have emphasized these indicators can be obtained. In this research, the effect of each competency on the organization's performance and citizens' satisfaction has not been determined.Practical Consequences: If street-level bureaucrats have superior behavioral competencies, public satisfaction will increase and this will help to increase public trust, and ultimately, human and social capital will be improved. In this research, the effect of each competency on the organization's performance and citizens' satisfaction has not been determined. In future studies, it is suggested to investigate the correlation between the competencies of street-level bureaucrats and the performance of relevant executive bodies, as well as to study and research the relationship between the competencies of bureaucrats and the variables of citizens' satisfaction with the provision of services and public trust and the level of administrative health. At the same time, evaluating the performance of the government and governments based on the performance of the administration, one of the examples of which is the behavior of street level bureaucrats, can be considered in future researches.Innovation or value of the Article: First, most of the articles emphasized job analysis, which is a retrospective approach, but in this article, it focuses on the behavioral competence of government employees, and most of the articles examined the competencies of managers and high-level officials, but in Here, the competence of street-level bureaucrats was emphasized. Also, in previous studies, Islamic and Quranic texts were rarely used to adapt behavioral competencies.Paper Type: Original Paper

The bulk of studies on the Umayyad era have highlighted the Arabism of the Umayyad governors and agents and their contempt for non-Arabs. Nevertheless, in the Umayyad bureaucracy, the Iranian characteristics inherited from the Sassanid period and the activities of the Iranian bureaucrats are clearly visible. The Umayyads were indebted to the pre-Islamic bureaucracy of Iran not only on the account of their ignorance and organizational demands, but also due to the skills and competencies of the Iranians in this domain. This paper, by considering criteria such as explicit reports in these sources regarding the Iranian origin of bureaucrats and also signs that lend credit to this argument, seeks to identify bureaucratic Iranians in this period. By doing so, this paper challenges Umayyad Arabism inherent in the bureaucracy governing eastern lands of the Caliphate.

The Fali family Rouasa are considered as powerful social groups in judicial affairs and office in southern iran, especially in the Hormuz domain, from the seventh to 11th century. such an increasing presence of human elements in the administrative and govermental affairs, the relational situation of the Fal region after the gradual fall of Siraf from the third century, and also the political structure of Hormuz king, which provided the field of presence and activity of different kinds of human forces in its domain. in this period, the empowerment of the Fali family in the political apparatus and the govermental, which is considered as one of the most important dynasties along with the rest of the family, and the sources of finance and finance are Hormuz. hence, the relationship between Fali as one of the govermental families in the king realm is Hormuz with the establishment of the monarchy and other clans and social groups in the persian gulf. examining the historical data and documents and analyzing historical data shows that the Fali family was an important source of wealth and power assurance in the political system of Hormuz king. the findings show that competition and conflict conflicts with other social groups on political issues and governmental as well as the efforts of the Portuguese military forces to monopolize the revenues from the Persian Gulf maritime economy combined with the import of a rival and opponent group resulted in weakening the power of the Fali ministry and the monarchy in Hormuz.

One of the reasons for the failure of public policies is bureaucrats’,alienation from public policies. Alienation from policy is a psychological state that leads to the psychological dissociation of public policy enforcers from those policies. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of social capital in bureaucrats’,alienation from tax policies. The statistical population of the study was comprised of identification officers of the Qom Province Tax Affairs Administration. The required data was collected through a questionnaire distributed in 2020 among a sample (n=174) which was selected using simple random sampling. The hypotheses testing results were analyzed based on maximum likelihood test in structural equation modeling. The findings showed that social capital dimensions (namely structural, communicative, and cognitive) have a positive, significant relationship with bureaucrats’,alienation from tax policies. This means that the fulfilment of each of the three dimensions of social capital causes bureaucrats to feel less alienation from policies.

The aim of present research is to study the role of street-level bureaucrats’ discretion in their tendency to public policy implementation. Research population consists of staff of Qom tax affairs office that involvement in implementation of comprehensive tax plan directly. Finally, 86 people were selected as sample by Morgan table and simple sampling method. Data collection instrument is a questionnaire that its reliability was confirmed by composite reliability and Cronbach’ s alpha methods while its validity was confirmed by convergent and divergent methods upon confirmation by elites. Data analysis was conducted by SEM and using Amos22 software package. The findings indicate that the street-level bureaucrats’ discretion has significant positive effect on client meaningfulness and tendency of public policy implementation. Also, the results show that client meaningfulness plays a moderating role in the relationship between bureaucrats’ discretion and bureaucrats’ tendency to public policy implement.

Background: In this study, we use the case of medical doctors in the public health system in rural India to illustrate the nuances of how and why gaps in policy implementation occur at the frontline. Drawing on Lipsky’ s Street Level Bureaucracy (SLB) theory, we consider doctors not as mechanical implementors of policies, but as having agency to implement modified policies that are better suited to their contexts. Methods: We collected data from primary care doctors who worked in the public health system in rural Maharashtra, India between April and September 2018 (including 21 facility visits, 29 in depth interviews and several informal discussions). We first sorted the data inductively into themes. Then we used the SLB theoretical framework to categorise and visualise relationships between the extracted themes and deepen the analysis. Results: Doctors reported facing several constraints in the implementation of primary care-including the lack of resources, the top-down imposition of programs that were not meaningful to them, limited support from the organization to improve processes as well as professional disinterest in their assigned roles. In response to these constraints, many doctors ‘ routinized’ care, and became resigned and risk-averse. Most doctors felt a deep loss of professional identity, and accepted this loss as an inevitable part of a public sector job. Such attitudes and behaviours were not conducive to the delivery of good primary care. Conclusion: This study adds to empirical literature on doctors as Street Level Bureaucrats in lower and middle income countries. Doctors from these settings have often been blamed for not living up to their professional standards and implementing policies with rigour. This study highlights that doctors’ behaviours in these settings are ways through which they ‘ cope’ with their loss of professional identity and organizational constraints; and highlights the need for appropriate interventions to counter their weak motivation.