A B S T R A C TSatisfaction is considered one of the effective methods for evaluating the success of urban development plans and projects, and it is a tool to measure which type of housing and residential environment meets the needs, expectations, and aspirations of residents. This article aims to compare Amiriyeh and Pay-eToop neighborhoods in Bojnord city in terms of residents' satisfaction with living in these neighborhoods. Using a questionnaire, the data was obtained by a survey from 229 heads of sample households living in Bojnoord city. The residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home and neighborhood indices. The data is entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test and calculate statistical parameters. Also, the data is entered in Arc GIS in accordance with the UTM coordinates of the responder's locations to provide a GIS point layer to use zoning maps to be drawn. Residential satisfaction is lower than average and slightly higher in Pay-eToop than in Amiriyeh. Also, the average score of the indicators that are set as home indices is lower than those for neighborhood indices. The zoning maps indicate that most parts of the neighborhoods show an average level of satisfaction with housing, and the maps of different indicators are not much different from each other. The role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. To improve satisfaction, paying attention to the neighborhood regeneration and improving the housing quality is necessaryExtended AbstractIntroductionSatisfactory housing is one of the most valuable aspects of life and one of the main elements of people's living standards. The higher the level of satisfaction with a place, the more people will feel a sense of belonging to that place and feel more relaxed about being there. The feeling of satisfaction from a place can cause the positive effects of the place in the process of relationships in which the environment is being formed and carried out. On the one hand, satisfaction measurement is considered one of the effective methods of evaluating the success of urban programs and plans. On the other hand, it is a tool to measure which type of housing and residential environment currently meets its residents' needs, expectations, and aspirations. MethodologyThe residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home and neighborhood indices. A questionnaire gathers the data. Household heads in the studied neighborhoods (Amirieh and Pay-e Toop) are randomly selected as 229 sample people. The sample people evaluate the items in the questionnaire in a 5-range of the Likert scale from very high to very low. The qualified range was then changed to quantified scores from 5 to 1. Afterward, they were entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test and calculate other statistical parameters. The address of each respondent is included in the questionnaires, and based on the address, the UTM coordinates of the respondent are determined using Google Earth. Then, the information from the questionnaires is entered into the GIS according to the coordinates to provide a GIS point layer for drawing zoning maps. Results and discussionThe score of 2.75, which is the average figure of the evaluation scores for all the indicators of both neighborhoods, indicates that residential satisfaction is lower than the assumed average score (3). The average scores are 2.90 and 2.57 for Pay-e Toop and Amirieh neighborhoods, respectively, and they indicate that the residential satisfaction in the first is slightly higher than the other. Pay-e Toop is the oldest neighborhood in Bojnoord, which accommodates the traditional complex of shops (Bazar) and essential physical elements of historical eras, such as the city's citadel. In addition to the high proportion of immigrants, it also includes deep-rooted and native families that have strong social relationships. Also, the average score for the neighborhood indices is slightly higher than for the home indices. The average figure for all 26 indicators is lower than the assumed average score (3) and indicates a lower residential satisfaction. Five indicators with the higher satisfaction score are as follows: relationship with neighbors, living in the ancestral neighborhood, the situation of streets and ways, living with relatives, and the quality of wastewater disposal. On the contrary, lower satisfaction scores belong to the indicators of access to shopping centers, healthcare service centers, the size of homes, and access to public transportation, respectively. Despite the fame of the gardens of Bojnord in previous centuries, in recent decades, most of the gardens disappeared, especially in the city's central business district, which corresponds to the two studied neighborhoods; there is a small area of land covered by parks and green spaces. Green spaces are mainly the small green strips on the edge or in the middle of the streets. For Amiriye and Pay-e Toop neighborhoods, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the respondents' education levels and their scores of residential satisfaction are -0.36 and -0.23, respectively. It implies that residential satisfaction has an inverse relationship with education. Also, the correlation coefficient between the residence length in the neighborhood and residential satisfaction scores are +.001 and -0.29, respectively (for Amirieh and Pay-e Toop neighborhoods). It also indicates no relation for the first neighborhood and an inverse relation for the other.The zoning map of all the indicators shows that in more than 90% of the neighborhood area, the level of satisfaction is in the medium range. In Amirieh, the parts with low satisfaction are scattered. It can be said that the northeastern edge of the Amirieh neighborhood and the southwestern edge of the Pay-e Toop neighborhood have lower satisfaction. ConclusionThe role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. The physical components of the neighborhoods caused a low level of satisfaction. On the contrary, higher satisfaction is revealed from the socio-cultural components. Households prefer the quality of services more than the availability of services. In medium-sized cities such as Bojnoord, neighborhood relations, closeness to relatives, and living in neighborhoods where the ancestors lived are still decisive in creating residential satisfaction. To improve life satisfaction, paying attention to housing quality and the regeneration of both neighborhoods is necessary. Also, improvement, retrofitting, enhancing the quality of the building, and improving the quality of urban services, especially healthcare services, public transportation, and commercial services, should be considered. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Hail is one of the most important atmospheric phenomenon, which occurred during Spring and Fall seasons due to atmospheric instability caused by cumulonimbus clouds and severe thunder storms. The most damages in agricultural sector is due to hail, which caused lost in horticultural and agronomy productions each year. In order to investigate synoptic mechanism on hail occurrence conditions, a cluster analysis was performed according to Bojnoord weather station data. To perform classification and subsequent calculations, the sea level pressure (SLP) and the geopotential height of 500 hPa for 26 days were extracted in the Grad's software. Regarding the mechanism and performance of atmospheric systems in creating hail phenomena in the area, four patterns were identified in the formation of the hail, including: 1) low pressure in the Caspian Sea; 2) low pressure in Pakistan and high pressure in Azores; 3) high pressure Caspian Sea and low pressure in Saudi Arabia; and 4) high pressure in north of the Caspian Sea and Low Pressure of Pakistan. The results showed that the months of April and may had the most hail cases during the studied period. Overall, formation of low and high pressure systems in north and south of the region and enforcement of meridional flows cause a moisture advection from the Gulf of Oman and Caspian Sea in geopotential heights of 850 and 700 hPa. In addition, falling cold air from upper latitudes and lifting of warm air cause a gradient temperature on the area and hence occurrence of hail phenomenon. The region experience more hail phenomenon when low pressure in Pakistan and high pressure in Azores were dominant on the area.

Due to the urban expansion, preparing of comprehensive and detailed information, is an unavoidable necessity for urban watershed systems and also its dominant conditions in hydrological cycle to gain an integrated urban watershed management. The urban runoff pollution caused by heavy metals is the major types of pollutions in surface runoff which may cause serious health risks for biosphere and also urban watersheds. This article examines the changes in runoff quality and the amount of heavy metals such as lead, zinc and copper in Bojnoord urban watershed in two reaches of autumn and spring seasons. For this reason 52 samples were collected for the mentioned period. After preparing the samples, using atomic absorption, the amount of heavy metals were measured in terms of Pbb. The results showed that the reducing trend of these metals is as Zn>Cu>Pb and the maximum concentration of lead, zinc and copper is related to the autumn season. The location of high concentrations is in residential and commercial areas and for the samples taken from the runoff pathways and drainage network (FB2). The Pearson correlation test results showed that there is a high positive correlation between lead and copper in the autumn (R=0.954) and also between lead and zinc in the spring (R=0.641). This correlation is certified by using factor analysis and Varimax rotation.

Background & Objectives: Religious beliefs have a significant impact on all aspects of human life and strengthening of these beliefs increases the self-esteem, mental health, and decreases the addiction and anger. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-esteem and religious attitudes of nursing students in North Khorasan University of Medical sciences between 1392-1393. This study considers the discipline, grade, residence or non-residence in the hostel, marital status, and ethnicity. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done by participation of 120 nursing and midwifery student. Religious attitudes and self-assessment questionnaire was used to collect data which was approved in the case of reliability and validity. Descriptive indicators (mean, standard deviation, percent) as well as independent ttest, ANOVA, Pearson correlation were used via the spss16 software to analyze the data.Results: According to the Pearson correlation coefficient values were 0.222 and 0.008. There was a direct significant correlation between these two variables.Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between religious affiliation and self-esteem.

The devastating earthquake that occurred in Khorasan Shomali Province, Iran, on the 12th May 2008, caused widespread damage and devastation to rural communities and economy. The terrain of the entire region has been weakened and is now highly susceptible to long-term slope instability that will trouble this region for many years to come. However, the actual intensity caused by the earthquake ranged between VIII and XI. The seismic intensity map is practical for regional guidance but lacks the detail to provide an adequate representation of the true damage level, in terms of current status and future potential in such a seismically active and populated region, especially when the hazards and risks are likely to be multiple and cascading in high relief areas. This paper presents a GIS based approach to earthquake damage zone modeling using satellite remote sensing and DEM data. The novelty is to take into account the coseismic ground deformation as an important modulating factor in modeling the susceptibility of earthquake related geohazards, together with conventional multi-criteria factors which draw on geological and topographical variables such as rock competence, slope, proximity to drainage, and fracture density. The modulating effect of the earthquake greatly enhances the susceptibility in the areas where the majority of the ensuing landslides and debris-flows actually took place. When this susceptibility model is further modulated by the mapped surface disruption caused by the earthquake, it is directly linked to seismic intensity and we call it “earthquake damage”. The output earthquake damage map represents both the current damage status as well as the future damage (hazard) potential.

Background & Objectives: This study aimed to determine of the seroprevalence of visceral leishmaniasis to design a prevention and control program in Bojnoord district.Methods: This was a descriptive and cross sectional study with multistage random sampling method. The study was carried out on children up to 12 years old and 10% of adult’s population in 8 rural areas of Bojnoord district in 2007. In total, 1608 blood samples were collected to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies. All the samples were tested by direct agglutination test (DAT). In order to determine Leishmania species, necropsy was performed on four suspected dogs in the studied areas. The species of Leishmania was determined by RAPD-PCR and PCR-RFLP methods using to amplify the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1).Results: Thirty and eight (2.36%) out of 1608 collected blood samples had anti-Leishmania antibodies at titer 1:800 and nine (0.56%) were just positive at 1:3200 by DAT. There was no statistically significant difference between female and male seroprevalence (p>0.05). The seoprevalence in children <=12 years old compared to individuals greater than 12 years old did not show any statistically significant (p>0.05). Amastigotes were observed in all 4 necropsied dogs. The species of Leishmania isolated from 2 dogs, was determined as L.Infantum. Their ITS1 sequences were registered with Accession numbers EU810776 and EU810777 in NCBI.Conclusions: These findings showed that visceral leishmaniasis has been circulated with low endemicity in Bojnoord district. Therefore an appropriate monitoring system is needed for health services in this area.

Introduction: One of the factors affecting Organizational Citizenship Behavior, involvement of employees with jobs. People who are involved with their jobs, have higher job satisfaction and high commitment to the organization are expressed. The purpose of study was to investigate the relationship between job involvement and civil - organizational behavior of staff of Bojnourd medical Sciences University.Methods: Research method in terms of purpose, is functional and descriptive and correlational. The population consists of all staff of Bojnourd medical science University colleges. The number of staff was 120 and the sample size was determined 90 people using Morgan' s table and random-stratified sampling method. Data gathering tool for civil-organizational behavior variable was Organ's standard questionnaire (1996) and for evaluation of job involvement we used standardized Knjr and Ldahl's questionnaire (1993) that reliability of questionnaire of job involvement and civil-organizational behavior was calculated 0.71 and 0.71 respectively. It was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient method. Measuring to understanding components of civil-organizational behavior related to job involvement using Pearson correlation coefficient and regretion. The statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 20.Results: The results show that the positive correlation between job involvement and civil-organizational aspects in the staff of Bojnourd University exists.0/433 correlation coefficient indicates a relatively strong direct correlation between variables.Conclusion: Job involvement has a significant relationship with organizational citizenship behavior. Accordingly, management structures and contents with an appropriate design organization, involvement fields provide employees with their jobs to organizational citizenship behaviors occur more.

When cities grow rapidly due to various factors such as changing economic, political or social roles, they undergo many changes in their spatial s tructure. This phenomenon, especially in recent decades because of the uncontrolled growth of urban population and increasing migration to cities is more visible in the cities of Iran in compare with the pas t. In this process, cities are affected by multifaceted factors of urban growth and in a short time, natural areas become urban lands. Meanwhile, some factors such as population growth rate, urban road network, land usage change, government policies and market trends have a greater impact on the shape and extent of these changes. The occurrence of urban growth and its consequences have wide dimensions, the increase of medium and large cities and the spatial impact of urban growth on the surrounding lands is one of the important issues in the analysis of current urban issues. Because no attention to the unplanned growth of these cities in the near horizon will lead to the transformation of medium-sized cities into large cities. Therefore, s tudying urban growth and explaining the factors affecting help to identify and unders tand the process of urban development and tes t exis ting urban theories. The purpose of this article is identifying these factors and assessing the amount of impact of each of them in the process of urban growth through considering Bojnoord samples that had significant growth in recent years. In this regard, by reviewing the theoretical concepts related to urban growth, the factors affecting urban development was codified, so to be used as a framework for analysis of the factors influencing the growth of Bojnoord. Then quantitatively is rated with the help of GIS and measurable relevant functions layers. Some of the mos t important factors are; population density, roads density, number of amenities, dis tance from the town center, the development of single-family homes, faults, slope, etc. Then, from among the various methods of measurement and quantitative assessment F’ ANP keeps all the capabilities of factor analysis, because F’ ANP manages to use the capability of factor analysis in converting subject to specified dimensions and determining the relationship between indicators. Since the relationship between these extracted dimensions is objective, there is no problems arising from subjective judgments and there is no effect on the results of research. The results showed that the mos t important factors in growth of Bojnoord City were; tendency to single-family homes and large-scale land, the dis tance from the city center, the net density of the population, accordance with the desire of the city, commercial density, number of amenities, roads and population density respectively. Therefore, "density factor" indicators can be considered as the mos t important factors in the growth of Bojnoord city. On the other hand, the spatial s tudy of these factors in the map of Bojnoord shows that the greates t concentration of these factors has been in the northwes t (towards Goles tan) and northeas t of the city (towards Mashhad) in Bojnoord, which ultimately leads to the spatial form of continuous expansion of Bojnoord.

Background & Objectives: The purpose of present study was examination of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) effects on depression and anxiety in female adolescents with divorced parents in Bojnurd.Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done with the design of pretest, posttest, and control groups. The study population included 19 junior high schools in which a cluster of 4 schools has been chosen. Then 50 out of 67 female adolescents with the age range of 12-14 with divorced parents in the range of 4 schools has been randomly selected based on Krejcie-Morgan’s sampling table. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (25 people) and control group (25 people). Hamilton depression and Spielberger scale were used to collect data. Intervention procedures were performed according to the guidelines of Kabat Zinn meetings of mindfulness. Data analyzing was done via statistical approaches of Geruf Clomot test, independent t-test, Levin test, and covariance analysis using the 17 SPSS software.Results: The results showed that cognitive therapy with mindfulness approach significantly reduced depression and anxiety scores in the experimental group in comparison with the control group.Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy effects on depression and anxiety in female adolescents with divorced parents.