Diclofenac sodium (DCF), 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzene acetic acid, monosodium salt is widely used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with high consumption. It therefore presents a serious risk to both human health and the environment and is among the pharmaceuticals that are most commonly found in aqueous effluents. In this study, a novel magnetic BIOSORBENT (M-EColi) was successfully prepared by immobilizing Escherichia coli (E.coli) on nano-sized magnetic iron oxides, and its efficacy in DCF biosorption was investigated. To determine the characterization of the synthesized M-EColi BIOSORBENTs, Vibrational Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy Fourier Transform İnfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses were performed and the effects of contact time, temperature, BIOSORBENT dose and initial DCF concentration on the biosorption process were investigated. Isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic calculations were performed to determine which mechanism is consistent with biosorption. It was found that the DCF biosorption on M-EColi corresponded to the Langmuir isotherm and the biosorption kinetics corresponded to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic analyses indicate that the biosorption of DCF on the M-EColi nano-sorbent is physical. The maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 46.01±0.12 mg/g.

Water contamination by Methylene Blue (MB) is a significant environmental challenge that requires cost-effective purification strategies. The green algae Coelastrella was used as an adsorbent inside the airlift bioreactor as an effective and inexpensive material. Experiments were conducted over a range of conditions, including initial MB concentration (3-30 mg/L), contact time (0-60 min), air flow rate (200-300 mL/min), algae dosage (0.1-2 g/L), and temperature (20-40 ˚C). Diverse characterization techniques were employed to comprehensively understand the process and its outcomes. These techniques include Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Adsorption isotherms were analyzed in this study, with a focus on the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The Langmuir model had the highest (R² = 0.9998), indicating monolayer adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity of 30 mg/g. Additionally, kinetic studies found the pseudo-second-order model to be the most accurate (R² = 0.9990). Under optimal conditions, the process achieved a high removal efficiency of 98.9%. Finally, mass transfer adsorption models were examined using three models. When these models were compared, the Liquid film diffusion model had the highest value (R² = 0.9736). These results suggest that algae biomass is an effective, green adsorbent for MB removal, presenting a viable alternative to conventional treatments..

Airborne hexavalent chromium has been classified as a human respiratory carcinogen and long term exposure has been known to cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, bronchitis, asthma, and liver and kidney damage. Chromium electroplating plants are the major sources of atmospheric chromium and packed-bed scrubbers are the common control devices used to reduce emission of chromic acid mist from electroplating bathes.The feasibility of a new method to remove this pollutant using alginate beads as a biomass derivative was investigated by one factor at a time approach and Taguchi experimental design. Polluted air with different chromium mist concentrations (10-5000 mg/m3) was contacted to alginate beads (3.3-20 g/L), floating in distilled water with adjusted pH (3-7), using an impinger at different temperatures (20 and 35oC), and various velocities (1.2 and 2.4 m/s).Although there were no statistical significant differences between factor levels, the higher ions removal efficiencies were achieved at lower levels of air velocities, pollution concentrations, higher levels of pHs, temperatures, and sorbent concentrations.

Unfertilizable fruiting buds of mango plant Mangifera Indica L, an agrowaste, is used as a biomass in this study. The efficacy of the BIOSORBENT was tested for the removal of lead, copper, zinc and nickel metal ions using batch experiments in single and binary metal solution under controlled experimental conditions. It is found that metal sorption increases when the equilibrium metal concentration rises. At highest experimental solution concentration used (150 mg/L), the removal of metal ions were 82.76 % for lead, 76.60 % for copper, 63.35 % for zinc and 59.35 % for nickel while at lowest experimental solution concentration (25 mg/L), the removal of metal ions were 92.00% for lead, 86.84 % for copper, 83.96 % for zinc and 82.29 % for nickel. Biosorption equilibrium isotherms were plotted for metal uptake capacity (q) against residual metal concentrations (Cf) in solution. The q versus Cf sorption isotherm relationship was mathematically expressed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The values of separation factor were between zero and one indicating favourable sorption for four tested metals on the BIOSORBENT. The surface coverage values were approaching unity with increasing solution concentration indicating effectiveness of BIOSORBENT under investigation. The non-living biomass of Mangifera indica L present comparable biosorption capacity for lead, copper, zinc and nickel metal ions with other types of BIOSORBENT materials found in literature and is effective to remove metal ions from single metal solutions as well as in the presence of other co-ions with the main metal of solution.

Tree bark is among the widely available and low-cost sorbents for metal adsorption in aqueous environments. A state-of-the-art review is compiled carrying out a comprehensive literature search on the biosorption of heavy metals in solution onto different bark species, including a characterization of bark structure and chemistry. The results indicate that biosorption has been gaining importance for bark valorization purposes. Promising heavy metal uptake values have already been attained using different bark species. These values are comparable to those obtained with commercial activated carbons. Bark has a cost advantage over activated carbon and can be used without any pretreatment. Thus, bark offers a green alternative to remove heavy metals from industrial waters. A brief survey of the chemical composition and structure of different bark species is presented. Suggestions are made to improve screening of bark species for specific heavy metal ions sorption.

Todays, activated carbon derived from biomass sources has wide applications. In this study, activated carbon of tea waste has been considered for adsorption of phenylephrine hydrochloride drug from aqueous solution via batch adsorption process. The adsorption tests were carried out under several conditions such as equilibrium time, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature. FESEM, TEM, and EDX techniques applied for characterization of activated carbon of tea waste before and after adsorption. The equilibrium results fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and it has been described as well via Freundlich model with best multilayer adsorption efficiency. According to analyses and experimental data, activated carbon of tea waste as a low cost, economically feasible and abundantly available adsorbent has great potential to high removal efficiency for phenylephrine hydrochloride drug.