Efficiency in agricultural production is indicative of the efficiency level of farm households in their farming activities. Farmers in developing countries do not make use of all the potential technological resources, thus making inefficient decisions in their agricultural activities. Herein, technical efficiency in relation with the production of three types of rice crop (Boro, Aus and Aman) was evaluated, with some determinants of technical efficiency identified, in Bangladesh. It was attempted, throughout this study, to access the status of technical efficiency in rice production in Bangladesh for panel data while using the Stochastic Frontier Production Model with either of truncated normal or half-normal distributional Assumptions. Both time-variant and time-invariant inefficiency effects models were estimated, one at a time. Collected data from agricultural sector pertaining to three main rice crops in Bangladesh for the period of 1980 to 2008 were made used of throughout the study. The results revealed that technical efficiency gradually increased over the reference period with the half normal distribution being found preferable to the truncated normal distribution as regards the technical inefficiency effects. The value of technical efficiency was found high for Boro rice while low for Aus in comparison with Aman rice in Bangladesh for both distributions in either of time-variant or invariant ones. It was observed that the most efficient rice production system has occurred for the case of Boro with a technical efficiency of 0.98. Year wise mean technical efficiency increased during the reference time periods.

Concerns about the Islamicization of humanities make it necessary to offer objective criteria, and the science of education is no exception. Thus, attending the macro process of research is the most significant factor in the Islamicization of education. That is because the factor both makes it possible to explain the relationship between the scientific and religious aspects of Islamic education and facilitates responding to issues like the relationship between the divine message, reason, and experience, the status of efficacy, and the relationships between educational elements. The present study investigated discussions on the philosophy of science and Islamic education, and it was shown that the process of doing research in Islamic education was, similar to other sciences, made up of two stages (i.e., theorization and theory evaluation). The stages of theorization in that science started with theorization about educational goals, proceeded by investigating the foundations, principles, and other educational elements, and ended with theorization about educational issues. The results showed that the scientific dimension of the theories was approved when they reflected reality and were agreeable, generalizable, and coherent, while the religious dimension relied on their reference to the divine message. Thus, reliance on the divine message as the only source of achieving educational goals was considered the most significant factor in the Islamicization of science at the first step of the study, and reliance on divine educational goals with the assistance of reason and experience was theorized as the guarantees of achieving the specified goals in the investigation of the foundations and other educational components. Therefore, reference, efficacy, and internal and external coherence were introduced as the criteria to evaluate theories on Islamic education.

In this article, the author has focused upon the question on “, Background Assumption”,in the context of social sciences. The author is of the opinion that this problematique has been deeply neglected in social sciences and humanities but it is high time to trickle this question. In other words, it is argued that the relation between science and ideology is one of the most complicated cultural relation in the broadest sense of the term “, cultural”,–,and in order to the fathom the problematique in a deeper sense, we need to recast the question of relationship in a different fashion. Of course, it is argued that we need to transcend the dichotomies in a way that it would not hurt our sociological imagination and for this reason, the logic of Geffrey C. Alexander is of great importance and we have tried to conceptualize the problematique in an Alexander fashion.

The concept of opportunity can be considered as one of the most central and sometimes even the most central issues of entrepreneurship. At the same time, opportunity is one of the most controversial concepts in the entrepreneurship literature, as the Assumptions underlying the function of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities and also the nature and characteristics of this phenomenon confront with different approaches and sometimes even paradoxical approaches. In this situation, different approaches and methods for exploiting them in entrepreneurial tasks are also desirable. While referring to the definitions and the central role of the concept of opportunity in the scientific literature of the Entrepreneurship, the present article has attempted to study the viewpoints of prominent researchers of economics and entrepreneurship fields. In the economic supply and demand approach, based on philosophical Assumptions and the MeansEnds framework, models of allocation, discovery and creation are the three main patterns in the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities task. Furthermore, Schumpeterian and Kirznerian Opportunities are the two main and distinct perspectives on entrepreneurial opportunities that have developed two main streams of entrepreneurial opportunity studies and research. These two perspectives, in contrast to each other, can be examined from different dimensions of models, approaches, nature and requirements of the phases of entrepreneurial opportunities exploitation and value creation.

A common theme in the contemporary medical model of psychiatry is that pathophysiological processes are centrally involved in the explanation, evaluation, and treatment of mental illnesses. Implied in this perspective is that clinical descriptors of these pathophysiological processes are sufficient to distinguish underlying etiologies. Psychiatric classification requires differentiation between what counts as normality (i.e.-order), and what counts as abnormality (i.e.-disorder). The distinction(s) between normality and pathology entail Assumptions that are often deeply presupposed, manifesting themselves in statements about what mental disorders are.In this paper, we explicate that realism; naturalism, reductionism, and essentialism are core ontological Assumptions of the medical model of psychiatry. We argue that while naturalism, realism, and reductionism can be reconciled with advances in contemporary neuroscience, essentialism-as defined to date-may be conceptually problematic, and we pose an eidetic construct of bio-psychosocial order and disorder based upon complex systems' dynamics. However we also caution against the overuse of any theory, and claim that practical distinctions are important to the establishment of clinical thresholds. We opine that as we move ahead toward both a new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, and a proposed Decade of the Mind, the task at hand is to re-visit nosologic and ontologic Assumptions pursuant to a re-formulation of diagnostic criteria and practice.

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the basic Assumptions of the culture of talent belief in the Islamic Republic of Iran Army with a mixed approach and through an exploratory developmental-applied study. The statistical population of the research includes commanders, managers, and distinguished professors of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Headquarters and AJA academic centers with at least a master's degree and more than 20 years of service experience, who had expertise in the field of talent management and organizational culture. In the first stage, with a qualitative approach and based on the study of documents and documents as well as semi-structured interviews with experts, the basic Assumptions of the talent belief culture were identified and extracted using thematic analysis method. The findings of this section lead to the basic Assumptions of the giftedness culture in two general categories: moral-religious Assumptions and mental Assumptions. Also, in the second stage of the research, with a quantitative approach, the structural validation of the basic Assumptions of the talent belief culture in the Islamic Republic of Iran Army was addressed by the method of confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS 26 software. The results of the factor analysis showed that among the components of mental Assumptions, the objective orientation component with a factor load of 0.68 had the highest support, and among the components of moral-belief Assumptions, the component of not having a lifelong view of power had the most support with a factor load of 0.62.