Anachronism occurs in producing a historical account if the arrangement of story’s events is manipulated and misplaced. The main question of this article is whether avoiding anachronism in the historiography of philosophy is desirable, or even feasible? Some historical methodologists and philosophers, e.g. Quentin Skinner and MurtazaMutahhari respectively, consider anachronism as a historiographical mistake. This view is formulated under the theoretical framework of “the availability principle,” according to which no epistemic resources are allowed in historical interpretation that were unavailable in the time period under study. Problem-oriented historiography of philosophy would, consequently, face serious challenges. On the contrary, some other thinkers consider certain types of anachronism in historical narrative to be desirable or even inevitable. Among this group are Arthur Danto with his “Narrative Sentences,” and AhadFaramarzQaramaleki who makes sense of historical study as “understanding predecessors in the light of successors.” Arguments of the two opposing camps are discussed in this article, together with a number of considerations explored here for the first time. In conclusion, any response to the main question of our inquiry is argued to be dependent on the very conception of history adopted in the meta-historical framework by which the process of historiography is guided.

The concept of time is considered as one of the most important elements of a literary work and its artistic creation is a diagram of the author's power and adds an aesthetic view of the text. Unlike most traditionalists who use chronological time to explain and calculate narrative time, modern writers have disrupted the plot by using this basic element and the features of Anachronism. Russian formalists have been pioneers in explaining the mechanisms of narrative time. This study intends to use a structural-analytical method, while examining the Anachronism in the artistic structure of the drama AL"Sarir" for Youssef Al-Ani, to deal with how and methods of using time components in the plot of this drama. And continuity is profitable. And with artistry, he has used all the components of time, Flash back, Flash Forward, expansion and contraction. The results of this research show that the linear chronological time order is disrupted during the use of narrative time. In the meantime, the external retrospectiveness of the preface has filled the gaps in the story, created a variety of narratives, and introduced his characters. Forecasts are often mixed. Descriptive pauses have a special dynamism. In this play, unlike the classical narrative methods, implicit omission is more than obvious omission.

Time in the novel follows a horizontal movement, but occasionally some disturbance occurs in time''s element which is called as anachronism by critics and is emerged as two retrospective and prospective forms. By taking a descriptive-analytic method, in the present study an attempt was made to investigate the anachronism concept in novel The Thief and the Dogs by Naguib Mahfouz. The findings reveal that the anachronism applied by Naguib Mahfouz reflects the political and mental conflicts in Egypt leading to consistency in the story, the development of its atmosphere and the reader''s persuasion. Applying events related to the past is noticed more than the events related to the future. This story entails many external retrospective views considered as the main lines in the life of the story hero, indicating that these retrospective views make many problems in the story resolved. Keywords: "novel", "story", "anachronism", "retrospective", "prospective", "The Thief and the Dogs", "Naguib Mahfouz"

The present article examines the writings of Dr. Nasser Takmil Homayoun, a prominent contemporary historian and sociologist, with a special emphasis on his works in the Qajar period. Most of his writings are researches on the history and society of Qajar. Thus the main question of the present article is whether Takmil Homayoun been able to adhere to the principles of historiography and especially sociology in his writings? Despite his specialized education in sociology, he seems to have considered himself mainly a historian and he did not pay much attention to the principles and rules of sociology so that his works in the field of use of sociological concepts, methods and theories, and sociological explanations are devoid of such criteria and even in some of his most important writings, a conflict with sociological methods and explanations is evident. Therefore, the present article evaluates the works of Takmil Homayoun on three levels: definition of concepts and conceptual anachronism, Doxa perspective, and poverty of sociological methods and theories.

Economic historiography in Iran is generally expressed in the form of two epistemological approaches: Marxist-Leninist and theory of Asian mode of production. In these two approaches, despite trying to show the economic role of social classes and government in the history of Iran, historical ideas and experiences of feudal and capitalist economics in Europe have been extended to the economic history of Iran. This has caused the economic history of Iran to be considered in a situation unrelated to the historical experiences of Iranian society. This article investigates the problems and analytical limitations of the prevailing theoretical approaches in economic historiography of Iran in terms of intellectual and epistemological foundations. This article benefits from critical analysis method. The results show that the analytical models governing the periodization of Iran’ s economic history have a Eurocentric aspect; and due to ideology, the imposition of Eurocentric Meta-narratives and Anachronism, they have analytical limitations to understand the economic history of Iran. What has prevailed in the historiography and periodization of Iran’ s economic history through the socialist and Asian approaches is not derived from the characteristics and facts of the historical economy of Iranian society, but from a linear and evolutionary understanding of Iran’ s economic history based on the concept of progress in the historical thinking and experiences of the modern West.

"What time is it in your world?" Produced in the first years of the nineties, it is the first feature film of Safi Yazdanian, a documentary maker, in the romance-social genre. Although this film has faced numerous journalistic criticisms, it has not been analyzed through the lens of any theory. The value and centrality of time, as well as the duality of worlds, are depicted in this film in different ways. Due to the importance and central role of the element of time in the cinematic narrative and in order to describe and analyze the film methodically, in this research the component of parallelism is analyzed from the point of view of Gérard Genette, a French thinker.This article seeks to answer these questions; What systems and time components are represented in this film and how these components play a role in the relationship and relationship between the narratives of the film. The purpose of this research is to present a systematic model of time lapse, to show the application of hindsight and foresight components, and to explain parallelism in film sequences. The results of the research indicate; The final product of the filmmaker to show two different worlds is a film with complete and multifaceted time-lapse characteristics, which, while using a combination of time-lapse components, has the characteristic features of the parallelism component.

Shiite and Sunni Hadith sources have reported numerous narrations on the news of Imam Husayn's martyrdom (A. S. ) and his Turbat (the soil of the grave of Imam). A number of these narrations were also about the Imamate of Imam Sajjad (A. S. ) and his Successorship, narrated by Umm Salama. The present paper's question is: Which of these reports have been narrated by Umm Salama? Can historical evidences prove that she narrated all these reports? Regarding the contrasts and differences of these reports, and analyzing historical reports on the time of Umm Salama's demise, we can conclude that all these reports cannot be attributed to her. As a result, through historical, Rijal, and Hadith analyses on Shi'ite and Sunni sources, it is concluded that several of these narrations have historical anachronism, which means that all of them cannot be ascribed to Umm Salama.

Introduction: Narrative is as old as human history, and its scope has expanded to such an extent that today it has become one of the common concepts in the field of literature, especially fiction. Narratology is a new science which studies the structural elements of stories. This science examines different structures of a narrative, such as the narrator, plot, character, etc. It flourished in France in the 1960s and 1970s. Gé rard Genette was a French structural critic and one of the most famous theorists in this field. According to him, narrative speech consists of three distinct levels that must be distinguished in any critical approach to fiction. One is the story being told, the report itself and how the report is presented. He believes, in analyzing the narrative, the three elements of time, mood and voice should be taken into consideration. He believes that time is important in the narrative in terms of order, duration and frequency. Methodology: This research is based on the narrative criticism and uses a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the quality of the application of the time component and its dependencies such as order, duration and frequency in the novel “ Mozakkerato Kalben Iraqien” written by Abdul Hadi Saadoun, who is an Iraqi novelist. The analysis is done according to Genette’ s theory. The purpose of this study is to identify the author's narration techniques in using the element of time and to measure the difference between the time of the story and the time of the narration in the novel. Therefore, this article tries to answer these questions ‘ What is the function of each of the three factors of Genette’ s narrative time in this novel? ’ and ‘ What is the role of each of them in advancing the story? For this purpose, the theory of Genette narrative time has been introduced for the analysis ofvthe novel. Results and Discussion: The results of this study indicate that the association of the narrator's memories, the background representation of the life of the sub-characters of the story by him and the expression of the characters' hope for the future events have disturbed the linear and natural order of time in the narration of this novel, In addition, various descriptions, the use of the element of summarization and various types of frequencies have changed the narrative speed of this novel. In this novel, the chronology of the events is sometimes not observed, and the retrospective events and sometimes the foresight of the characters have caused the plot of the story to become time-consuming. Saadoun uses the external retrospective technique to introduce the characters of the story and mention the events outside of it. In the retrospective technique within the story, the narrator takes the reader to the past within the story by quoting memories. One of the functions of compound retrospective techniques is characterization; it is a different retrospection of the story because it refers to events that are not related to the storyline. In the technique of foresight, the author removes the ambiguity and complexity of the text and increases the reader's desire to read more. In his narrative text, Saadoun uses all the four narrative movements of Genette (i. e. descriptive pause, omission, summary, and dramatic scene); Therefore, the narrative has negative, positive and constant types of acceleration. In this novel, there is evidence for different types of frequencies with different values. The narrator has used the singular frequency in both the main and sub-events of the story. Frequency is somewhat evident in the novel because of the importance of the subject. Saadoun has sought to increase the speed of his narration by summarizing the text. Conclusion: In relation to the category of order and in terms of chronological order, the narrator reports his memoirs from birth to an old age. But, sometimes, the linear order of the events is not observed, and there are time-distortions in the text. The anachronisms of this text are manifested in both retrospective and futuristic aspects. Of course, the retrospective type has twice the volume compared to the futuristic type. A small number of external retrospectives have also been observed in the narration, which has a complementary ruling and helps to complete the main narration. Futurism, which has little expression in the novel, is often diagrammed in the form of the narrator's dreams, hopes, speculations, and predictions, or other characters in the story, which evoke the reader's passion. Regarding the category of duration and in terms of time lag, it can be said that the novel covers a long period of the narrator's life. However, the extensive use of the element of summary and sometimes various types of deletions has caused a positive acceleration of the novel and increased the speed of narration. Of course, a wide range of text time is also devoted to various descriptions, which, by stopping the story time, has caused a negative acceleration in the novel. Very few chunks of time are devoted to dialogues, in which case the text time has progressed normally. Regarding the category of frequency, all the three types of frequencies are seen at the text level, but the singular and narrative types are much more impressive than the frequent type. The singular frequency, which revolves around both the main and sub-events of the story, includes narrations of events related to the narrator and the teacher as well as the narrator's encounters and separations with the sub-characters of the story. The frequent frequency function, which is very rare in the novel, has been motivated by people expressing their position on an event and by emphasizing the narrator of an incident. The frequent use of narrator frequency throughout the novel has, however, caused the narrative to be shortened and the text to deviate from monotony. This is because the narrator has avoided mentioning the events that happened to him or the characters of his story continuously at some point in time.

The theory of intertextuality asserts that no text comes into being independently and that a close relationship always exists between a given text and those that preceded it. The present study initially aims to examine the influence of the Bahman-nama on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and to identify various types of transtextuality and their manifestations in the Bahman-nama in comparison to the Shahnameh, thereby opening new horizons for the analysis of classical literary texts. The element of time is one of the fundamental and essential components in the creation of any narrative or fictional work; without this element, the occurrence of events becomes impossible. Narrative unfolds within the dimension of time, and the structure of the narrative is formed through the temporal oscillations of the epic and its analeptic and proleptic sequences. In addition to intertextual analysis of the grand epic Bahman-nama, the praiseworthy work of the sage Iranshah ibn Abi al-Khayr, this paper will address the role of the spatiotemporal components in the narrative of the Bahman-nama. Decoding the narrative structure of the Bahman-nama based on Gérard Genette’s narratological theories constitutes one of the central objectives of this research.