Background and Objective: Accountability is the one of requirements of modern governance in the current era and in case of its realization, it will lead to strengthening the “Principal ـAgent” relationship among citizens and actors, enhancing effectiveness and transparency in the performance of public organizations, reducing corruption (financial, administrative, etc), increasing the coherence and legitimacy of  the political system.Method: The review paper while defining accountability in the form of normative and descriptive approaches, its functions and dysfunctions in the form of some concepts such as accountability dilemma, accountability trap, accountability paradox and defensive and hostile actions have been expressed. The typology of accountability in various types of research is referred to and a new model entitled “Three ـdimensional accountability” is offered, to enable state organizations and organs such as police forces who face various observers and  clients in the civil community in an a way to effective to be accountable in various fields.Conclusion: Finally, while referring to explosion of Challenger space shuttle, it has been emphasized that three ـdimensional model of accountability forms comprehensive and balanced accountability system (360 degrees) based on which most of accountability functions for public organization will be achieved.

Introduction: Social accountability is one of the new managerial requirements in governing countries, especially democratic societies. Social accountability within law enforcement agencies as service organizations is not an option but a strategic necessity. This study aims to explain the pattern of social accountability of the police. The main question of the research is: what is the pattern of social accountability of the police? Method: This research is a survey research and in terms of data collection method is a field research. The statistical population included commanders and law enforcement personnel, of whom 260 people were selected by simple sampling method as the sample size. Finding: The results showed that the situation of social accountability in police organizations is not favorable. In addition, the model of police social accountability includes variables of mission type, organizational culture and organizational reputation as a causal factor, servant leadership style and technology-based organization and employee willingness as mediating factors and environmental complexity and environmental instability as moderating factors. Conclusion: Finally, the model of social accountability of the police has been developed. Developing an organizational citizenship charter, participatory decision-making with the presence of the public, and paying attention to the role of the media and service leadership style and organizational culture encourage social accountability as strategies to strengthen social accountability in police organizations.

This article describes definitions, tools, features, goals and standards, about concept of accountability. Attentive that this concept is one of the indices of good governance, other indices of good governance will be provided. This paper will presented a model as a theoretical framework for common comparing systems will be use in world. Accountability systems in the Anglo-American countries with parliamentary and presidential political systems and also in three of developing countries (Pakistan, Bangladesh and Zambia) will be studied. At the end of paper, the modeling will be presented attentive to results of accountability systems on based of values, behavioral expectations and effectiveness of oversight institutions in these five countries to profit from MADM and TOPSIS techniques.

Introduction: Many representatives entered the Islamic Consultative Assembly and finally left after 4 or 8 years, but there is no record of citing the quantity and quality of the presence of representatives. There is no monitoring process on their performance and the commitment to accountability is not institutionalized. However, they represent a significant population of people. In this article, we seek to examine the mechanism and challenges of parliamentary accountability in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Method: This applied research was conducted by qualitative research method and content analysis of interviews with managerial and supervisory experts of organizations. Parliamentary accountability and finally 4 dimensions of rules of conduct, transparency of performance, organizational oversight, legal oversight were identified as challenges to parliamentary accountability. Discussion and Conclusion: Parliamentary accountability as a demand from its representative in the matter of legislation is an important issue that studies show has not been seriously formed in Iran, but today the political awareness and demands of the people increase this need at the community level. Is pre-formed. The community wants its elected representative to have a benchmark for evaluation and accountability