The antiemetic effect of Mentha longifolia extracts and fractions was studied in young chickens in order to provide a basis for the traditional use of the plant. Emesis was induced with copper sulfate (60 mg/kg, orally) al1d ipecac suspension (600 mg/kg, orally). The LD 50 values of aqueous and methanolic extracts were 1561.7 mg/kg and 2161.6 mg/kg, respectively.The Maximum non-fatal doses of aqueous and methanolic extracts were 100 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. The methanolic extract showed more efficacy, therefore the chloroformic and aqueous-methanolic fractions were prepared from it. Because of the better appearance and solubility of aqueous-methanolic fraction, other fractions were prepared from it by the method of MPLC. Among these, fractions C and F showed the most efficacy. In all groups, the positive control (metoclopramide) showed the most efficacy. In each step, more efficacy with lower dose showed that the extraction procedure was effective. Finally, fraction F showed more efficacy than fraction C and both of these fractions demonstrated more efficacy than the aqueous-methanolic fraction.According to these results, the aqueous and methanolic extracts as well as the fractions of Mentha longifolia showed antiemetic effects in young chickens with central and peripheral mechanisms.

Background: In traditional medicine, the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) have been used to decrease gastrointestinal tract motility in intestinal spasms, colic and gastrointestinal disorders of nervous origin. It has been also suggested for alleviation of nausea.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the antiemetic effect of V. officinalis extract (aqueous-ethanolic) for documentation of reports available in traditional medicine.Methods: The antiemetic effect of V. officinalis extract (aqueous-ethanolic) against emesis induced by copper sulfate (60 mg/kg, orally) and ipecac (600 mg/kg, orally) was investigated.The number of emesis was counted for 50 and 20 minutes after copper sulfate and ipecac administration, respectively.Results: The extract at doses of 0.28, 0.49 and 0.7 g/kg (ip) exhibited significant protection against copper sulfate and ipecac induced - emesis. The dose of 0.7 g/kg lowered the number of copper sulfate induced- and ipecac induced - emesis of negative control (saline), respectively 65.704% and 79.88%.Conclusion: According to the results, the antiemetic effect of Valerian was significant and it confirms the traditional uses of Valerian in attenuation of nausea.

Background: Nausea and vomiting are common and troublesome complication after the surgery. Although several medications as prophylactic or therapeutic are used in relation to this problem، but neither of them could not completely suppress and have numerous side effects. This study was performed to compare the prophylactic efficacy of ginger and metoclopramide in reducing nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy.Methods: 90 patients undergoing cholecystectomy that met the inclusion criteria were divided randomly into two groups (n=45). Before starting the operation، first group received ginger and the second group received metoclopramide. Thereafter، the severity and duration of nausea and vomiting after first and second hour of surgery was measured via visiting and self-designed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square test via SPSS20 software at the significant level of P<0.05.Findings: The two groups were not significantly different in terms of age (P=0.18), weight (P=0.07) and gender (P=0.82). The two groups were divided into two subgroups of less or equal to 60 years of age [33 (55%) and 27 members (45%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively) and more than 60 years of age [12 members (40%) in ginger and 18 members (60%) in metoclopramide group). In terms of body weight, the two groups were divided into three subgroups of less than 70 kg [6 (85.7%) and 1 patient (14.3%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively], 70 to 90 kg [36 (45.6%) and 43 patients (54.4%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively] and more than 90 kg [3 (75%) and 1 patient (25%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively]. In terms of gender, patients were divided into two subgroups of men [28 (49.1%) and 29 patients (50.9%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively] and women [17 (51.5%) and 16 patients (48.5%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively]. The severity of nausea and vomiting at the first hours after the surgery in the group receiving ginger decreased more than the group who received metoclopramide.Conclusion: Ginger reduced incidence of nausea and vomiting more than metoclopramide during the postoperative period. It can be used as a supportive treatment in the prevention of nausea and vomiting.

Abstract Introduction: Nausea and vomiting are the most common complications after minor head trauma that increases the risk of intracranial pressure rising. Therefore, the present study was aimed to compare the antiemetic effects of metoclopramide and ondansetron in the treatment of post-traumatic nausea and vomiting. Methods: The study was a controlled, randomized, double blind clinical trial, which was conducted in the first 6 months of 2014 in emergency department Al-Zahra and Kashani Hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. The patients with minor head trauma as-sociated with nausea and vomiting were randomly divided into 2 groups: treatment with metoclopramide (10mg/2ml, slow injection) and treatment with ondansetron (4mg/2ml, slow injection). The comparison between the 2 groups was done regarding antiemetic efficacy and side effects using SPSS 21 statistical software. Results: 120 patients with minor head trauma were distributed and studied into two groups of 60 patients (mean age 35.6±14.1 years; 50.0% male). Administration of both ondansetron and metoclopramide significantly reduced the severity of nausea (P<0.001). Changes in the severity of nausea in both groups before and after the treatment re-vealed that nausea had been decreased significantly in both groups (P<0.001). The incidence of fatigue (p=0.44), headache (p=0.58) and dystonia (p=0.06) had no significant difference in the two groups but the incidence of drowsiness and anxiety in the metoclopramide group was significantly higher (P<0.001). Conclusion: The present study indicated that the treatment effectiveness of ondansetron and metoclopramide are similar. However, inci-dence of drowsiness and anxiety in the metoclopramide was considerably higher. Since these complications can have adverse effects on the treatment of patients with brain injury, it is suggested that it may be better to use ondansetron in these patients.