Background and Aim: Elimination of microorganisms and their byproducts from root canal system is one of important aims of root canal therapy. This object is gained by using of many chemomechanical techniques but with noncertain success. A new method is used of nonpathogenic bacteria for growth inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, ANTIBIOSIS, in root canal therapy. The aim of this study was in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial effect of probiotics, such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) on the infected root canal bacteria.Materials and Methods: Isolated bacteria from infected root canal were grown and then scattered onto themuller Hinton agar plates which contain wells, LAB, extracted from dairy products, were added into these wells, Inhibition effected of LAB was determined. Furthermore the sample taken from the inhibition zone and possible resistant monoclonal bacteria also were identified, then 6 sensitive and 14 resistant samples were selected and E. faecalis species were added to them; Then antimicrobial effects of LAB on these samples was reevaluated.Results: The results showed that 66.7% of the samples were sensitive at least to one type of LAB, and 33% were resistant to all kind of LAB. Meanwhile the outgrowing anaerobic bacteria inside the inhibition zone were from the low frequency oral bacterial flora. Furthermore, adding E. faecalis to the samples caused more sensitivity of them to LAB. Mc-Neamar test recognized the difference significant.Conclusion: This study showed that the LAB inhibit growth of the pathogenic root canal bacteriae. Furthermore, presence of E. faecalis reinforces the antimicrobial effect of LAB. It seemed that LAB maybe have potential to use in endodontic practice for elimination of root canal infections.

Tomato fruit worm is one of the most important pests of tomato in Iran which attacks a wide variety of crops and weeds. Differences between species or varieties can use in management of this pest. In this study, ANTIBIOSIS and tolerance of four varieties “Super Beta”, “Super Luna”, “Super Chief” and “KJN3” were studied against the pest. An experiment was conducted with a couple of plants of each variety allocated as random to “control” and “pest released treatment”. In recent treatment, 10 third instar larvae were released in fruiting stage. Total number of fruits and injured fruits, mean weight of a fruit and bunch yield were measured as tolerance criteria, while number of live pupae, development time of larvae and weight of pupae were measured as ANTIBIOSIS indices. A relative tolerance was observed in Super Chief, but due to low yield in damage absence, it is not recommendable. Fruit weight as well as yield was impacted by infection. Super Luna and Super Beta loosed more weight and acknowledged as relatively susceptible varieties. Yet, they displayed most yields in presence of the pest. Consequently, there was no considerable difference among the varieties in terms of resistance against the pest.

The full text of this article is the Persian language, please for the view full text, refer to Persian Please click here to view the full text of this article

In this investigation, three concentrations of methyl Jasmonate, MeJa (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM) and the control (distilled water, ethanol 96% and Tween-20 in foliar spray method, distilled water and ethanol 96% in seed priming method) with two different methods of foliar application and seed priming was used and their effects on wheat (cv. Sardari) resistance to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was investigated. Analysis of variance indicated that the total nymphal development time was increased significantly in the 0.01 and 1 mM MeJa treated plants in foliar spray method. In seed priming method, the 1 mM MeJa significantly increased the total nymphal development time. Additionally, the pre-reproductive period was lengthened in plants treated with 0.1 mM MeJa in comparison with the control plants in foliar spray method. Moreover, in both methods, the reproductive period was significantly short on all the treated plants compared to the control plants. There was no significant difference in post- reproductive period between the treatments and the control in the both methods. Further, the mean number of offspring produced per female was significantly less on all treated plants than that on control plants in both methods. Furthermore, all the concentrations of MeJa reduced the total longevity in foliar spray method. In seed priming method, the total longevity was significantly short on 0.1 and 1 mM MeJa treated plants compared to the control plants.

Poplar leaf aphid, Chaitophorus populi Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the important sucking pests that cause direct and indirect damage on poplar trees (Populus spp.) in Iran and East Azarbaijan province. In this study ANTIBIOSIS resistance of 13 poplar clones belonging to the three species against poplar leaf aphid under laboratory conditions (25±2oC, 55 ± 5% relative humidity and 16L: 8D h photoperiod) was investigated in 2008. Ten rooted cuttings of each clone (with 20 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter) were used for testing. By releasing one-day-old nymphs on cuttings, the process of their life until natural death of adult aphid such as establishment, feeding, developmental time, survival rate, pre-reproductive time and the number of progeny was determined. After collecting the necessary data, intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was calculated. The ANOVA of results indicated that there is significant difference among the effects of poplar clones on rm. Based on compared rm means, all five clone of white poplar, P. alba due to having higher rm-values (0.271 to 0.302) were susceptible clones to the aphid and among them, P. a 82.5 with the highest rm was the most susceptible clone of P. alba species. Among the P. nigra clones, p. n 82.4, p. n 82.8 and p. n 56.12 were more susceptible to the pest, respectively. While p. n 82.7 and p. n 62.154 clones were relatively resistant to pest. Finally, two others (p. n62.191 and p. n82.6 clones) with the only one clone of P. euramericana, given the minimal impact on rm-value (0.0591 to 0.0717) were determined as the most resistsnt among tested clones.

The woolly aphid [Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm. )] is an important pest of apple trees. This research was conducted to evaluate the ANTIBIOSIS resistance of promising apple rootstocks to this pest during 2019 to 2021. Ten selected rootstocks developed from hybridization and open pollination of two local apple varieties, Azaish Isfahan and Morabaei Mashhad, as the female parents and commercial apple rootstocks including M9, M27, B9 were selected as the male parents. The number of aphid colonies in the root, crown, stem and branch was evaluated. ANTIBIOSIS resistance indices including, population growth rate, ANTIBIOSIS, population age structure, cumulative aphid day, exploitable ecological potential and survival were calculated. The data were analyzed in by complete randomized block design and means were compared with Tukey's test. Principal component analysis order to identify unobservable combined factors affecting the resistance mechanism based on indices. Observable values were calculated and cluster analysis method used to group the rootstocks based on the degree of susceptibility. Based on the results of this research, four apple rootstocks named Azop(285), AZ × M9(185), Azop(286) and Azop(386) were the most susceptible and M9op3 was the most resistant to woolly aphid. Average of population growth rate, ANTIBIOSIS, age population structure, Aphid day, exploitation ecological potential. and survival indices were 23. 90, 0. 03, 0. 06, 381. 46, 801. 9, 9. 09 and 150. 00, respectively. Resistance to apple wooly aphid should be taken into consideration in apple breeding programs and orchard management for sustainable apple production. Introduction Woolly apple Aphid [(Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm. )], feed on the bark and roots of the apple tree, weakens it and reduces the growth of the tree organs (Yang et al., 2023). Various apple rootstocks have rich genetic resources of resistance to the woolly apple aphid that enables the development of resistant apple cultivars (Moinina et al., 2018). There is always need to develop and release new resistant cultivars to woolly aphid biotypes (Han and Korban, 2010). ANTIBIOSIS is a type of plant resistance that includes at least one plant characteristic that affects the biological indices of the pest (Le Roux et al., 2014). This research was carried out to evaluate the level of antibisis resistance in promising apple rootstocks against woolly aphid and to determine morphological characteristics of apple rootstocks related to this type of resistance. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in the collection orchard of the temperate fruits research center in Kamalshahr of Karaj in Iran during 2019 to 2021. Ten apple rootstocks were selected from the promising progenies developed from hybridization and open pollination of two local apple varieties including Azaish Isfahan and Morabaei Mashhad as female parents and commercial apple rootstocks including M9, M27, B9 as male parents in the apple rootstocks development programs in temperate fruits research center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Samples of apple woolly aphid colonies were taken, every two weeks, from the beginning of April to mid-November. The root, crown, trunk and branch sections of apple rootstocks were evaluated. ANTIBIOSIS resistance indices including bloomber (R), population growth rate (MRCR), ANTIBIOSIS (ABI), population age structure (PASI), cumulative aphid day (CAD), ecological expolitation potential (EEP) and survival (St) were calculated. Vegetative growth traits of apple rootstocks were measured and recorded. Analysis of variance of data was performed as randomized complete block design and means were compared using Tukey test. Factor analysis was used to identify the unobservable combined factors. Cluster analysis was used to group the apple rootstocks, and canonical discriminatnt function analysis (LDA) was used to evaluate the accuracy of clustering of apple rootstocks using IBM SPSS Statistics 27. 0. 1. 0 software. Results and Discussion Cophenetic correlation coefficients between the Euclidean distance matrix and the dendrogram output matrix obtained from cluster analysis was equal to 0. 83 which indicated the acceptable grouping of apple rootstocks using antibibiosis resistance indices. Four apple rootstocks,Azop(285), AZ × M9(185), Azop(286) and Azop(386) were the most susceptible rootstocks to woolly aphid. Average bloomber, population growth rate, ANTIBIOSIS, population age structure, cumulative day aphid, ecological exploitation potential and survival were 23. 90, 0. 03, 0. 06, 381. 46, 9. 801, 9. 09 and 150, respectively. Comparison of demographic parameters including population age structure index and seasonal index of effective aphid day showed that these indices affect the dynamics of aphid population on apple rootstocks. The minimum value of blumber index in the resistant rootstock, M9op(387), was 0. 76 and the maximum in the susceptible rootstock Azop(285) was 34. 16. The average root length had the greatest effect on the variation in the relative establishment rate of apple wolly aphid (Latifian et al., 2023). These authors reported that this trait had significant effect on the bloomber and ecological exploitation potential indices. The relation between this trait and bloomber and ecological exploitation potential indices was negative, and with increase in root length the bloomber and ecological exploitation potential decreased, therefore, the ANTIBIOSIS resistance level in the apple rootstocks increased. ANTIBIOSIS resistance to woolly aphid is a valuable finding and should be taken into consideration in apple breeding programs and apple orchard management for sustainable apple production.

The effect of eightCucumis L. (Cucurbitaceae) genotypes, including native cucumber genotypes (Hormozgan, Bushehr and Gilan), greenhouse cucumber genotypes (Girtap, Negeen, Sepehr and Pouya) and Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) was studied on the life table and population growth parameters ofAphis gossypii Glover to evaluate ANTIBIOSIS resistance. The experiment was conducted at 25±1oC, 60±10% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 hour (L: D). The data were analyzed by Two-Sex MSChart program. The most pre-adult mortality (22.6 %) and the shortest total life span (14.5 days) were recorded for ‘Bushehr’. The net Reproductive rate (R0) ranged from 43.70 for‘Bushehr’ to 92.39 nymphs per individual in the case of ‘Pouya’. The lowest value of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (l) was observed in ‘Gilan’ (0.378 and 1.460 day-1, respectively) and the highest in ‘Pouya’ (0.471 and 1.602 day-1, respectively). The maximum and minimum mean generation Times (T) were 10.20 and 9.23 days in ‘Gilan’ and ‘Negeen’, respectively. On the basis of these parameters, ‘Gilan’had the highest ANTIBIOSIS resistance toA. gossypii. Information on life table of pests and subsequent host resistance evaluation improves IPM programs and leads us to genotype selection for crop breeding programs.