Introduction: Anxiety is among the most common and treatable mental disorders. Adrenergic and cannabinoid systems have an important role in the neurobiology of anxiety. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) has broadly been used to investigate anxiolytic and anxiogenic compounds. The present study investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist (AM251) in the presence of alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist (Prazosin) on rat behavior in the EPM.Methods: In this study, the data were obtained from male Wistar rat, which weighing 200- 250 g. Animal behavior in EPM were videotaped and saved in computer for 10 min after IP injection of saline, AM251 (0.3 mg/kg), Prazosin (0.3 mg/kg) and AM251+Prazosin, subsequently scored for conventional indices of anxiety. During the test period, the number of open and closed arms entries, the percentage of entries into the open arms of the EPM, and the spent time in open and closed arms were recorded. Diazepam was considered as a positive control drug with anxiolytic effect (0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mg/kg).Results: Diazepam increased the number of open arm entries and the percentage of spent time on the open arms. IP injection of AM251 before EPM trial decreased open arms exploration and open arm entry. Whereas, Prazosin increased open arms exploration and open arm entry. This study showed that both substances in simultaneous injection have conflicting effects on the responses of each of these two compounds in a single injection.Discussion: Injection of CB1 receptor antagonist may have an anxiogenic profile in rat, whereas adrenergic antagonist has an anxiolytic effect. Further investigations are essential for better understanding of anxiolytic and anxiogenic properties and neurobiological mechanisms of action and probable interactions of the two systems.

Background & Objective: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone acts on the anterior pituitary and promotes the release of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), both of great importance in the ovarian cycle.Materials & Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies / Al-Nahrain University and Kamal Al-Sameraie Hospital for Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization, Baghdad, Iraq during the period from April 2022 to April 2023, women received rFSH in a single daily dose of (150-300 IU) for ovarian stimulation. Women in groups B and C received ovarian stimulation antagonists, while those in group A did not.Results: Both clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates were measured for each group. A positive hCG test was found in 27 (79.4%) in Group A while it was positive in 19 (55.9%) in Group B with a significant difference (P=0.03), clinical pregnancy was 25 (73.5%) in Group A while it was positive in 17 (50.0%) in Group B with a significant difference (P=0.04), and ongoing pregnancy was found in 24 (70.6%) in Group A while it was positive in 15 (44.1%) in Group B with significant difference (P=0.01).Conclusion: Women with LH <4 IU presented with a significantly higher pregnancy rate than those with ≥4 IU, and do not need GnRH antagonist addition as co-treatment.

Background: Management of poor-responding patients is still major challenge in assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Delayed-start GnRH antagonist protocol is recommended to these patients, but little is known in this regards. Objective: The goal of this study was assessment of delayed-start GnRH antagonist protocol in poor responders, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial included sixty infertile women with Bologna criteria for ovarian poor responders who were candidate for IVF. In case group (n=30), delayed-start GnRH antagonist protocol administered estrogen priming followed by early follicular-phase GnRH antagonist treatment for 7 days before ovarian stimulation with gonadotropin. Control group (n=30) treated with estrogen priming antagonist protocol. Finally, endometrial thickness, the rates of oocytes maturation, , embryo formation, and pregnancy were compared between two groups. Results: Rates of implantation, chemical, clinical, and ongoing pregnancy in delayed-start cycles were higher although was not statistically significant. Endometrial thickness was significantly higher in case group. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of oocyte maturation, embryo formation, and IVF outcomes between two groups. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between delayed-start GnRH antagonist protocol versus GnRH antagonist protocol.

The present paper written according to the library method of research, and presented both descriptively and analytically, was aimed to study the figure of antagonist in Iran national epics.The conflict between evil and good powers has always been significant in Iranian epics, in which heroes are the manifestation of all venerable attributes, and the antagonists are the representation of evil characteristics. Hence, an antagonist struggles with the hero either because of the sensual motives or as a result of the will to reduce his power and qualities.This article mainly focuses on the investigation of antagonist in the Iran national epics. It will be clarified that regarding the "types", the figure of an antagonist, could be classified into human, animal, natural and supernatural one; whereas, regarding the "role" and "performance" of the hero, it could be categorized as principal, consultant, commander, combatant, tempter, assistant, allied, guide, formal, enamoured and instrumental one. (The features as well as the subcategories and definition of each of the categories are given along with examples.)

Objectives: This project was conducted to assess the feasibility and outcome of rapid detoxification method.Method: 41 opium dependent patients (37 males, 4 females) with mean age of 29.1 years (17-44) who had been consecutive admitted to Iran Psychiatric Center during one year period were detoxified with subcutaneous naloxone (11 patients) or oral naltrexone (30 patients). Finally the detoxification was completed with the consumption of 50 mg of oral naltrexone.Findings: The required time for this method of detoxification was less than 72 hours. Except for two cases, all patients completed the treatment (95%).Among all serious side effects, delirium was seen in two subjects (5%). Results: The advantageous of this method of detoxification included little side effects, short period of treatment, significant efficacy, lower cost, and feasibility to provide the treatment to larger group of patients. Therefore, controlled study to replicate these findings is suggested.

Background: One of the main factors which could have side effects in spermatogenesis is used in chemotherapy to treat cancer patients. It is proved that the agents affect on cells especially with high proliferation such as spermatocytes and kill them through apoptosis induction. Since gonadotropin hormones (FSH, LH) affect spermatogenesis and are suppressed by chemotherapy agents, so administration of GnRH Antagonist to protect the cells against its side effects is in researchers’ interest. Present study tried to investigate protective effects of cetrorelix in suppression of side effects of cisplatin as chemotherapy agent on the germinal epithelium.Methods: In the present study 30 male mice were divided randomly into 3 groups: Control, Experimental 1 received 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin daily intraperitonealy and Expermental 2 received cisplatin and subcutaneously injection of 0.25 mg/kg cetrorelix. Cetrorelix injection initiated 1 week before cisplatin treatment and continued at second and third weeks. After 35 days of last injection, the testes were removed and processed for histological and apoptotic analysis according to routine protocols.Results: Histological findings of seminiferous tubules showed that in cisplatin receiving group, number of spermatogonia cells, thickness of germinal epithelium, seminiferous tubules diameter and spermatogenesis index rate (SI) were decreased. Also in some of the tubules only sertoli cells were observed. In addition, our study showed that number of apoptotic cells was increased in this group. Cetrorelix had prohibitive potential against side effects of cisplatin via morphology of seminiferous tubules and decline apoptotic cells.Conclusion: Cisplatin has adverse side effects on germinal epithelium by induction apoptosis and cetrorelix can protect spermatogenesis process from cisplatin adverse side effects.