Introduction: Today, agroclimatology is one of the major trends in hydrology and meteorology, which has a crucial role in meeting the food requirements of different communities. The production of agricultural products is strongly correlated with precipitation and agreeable weather conditions each year. Many crops are traditionally grown in areas with harsh climatic conditions, which results in low yields and the lack of optimal exploitation of climatic capacities for production. One basic way to develop and promote agricultural activities in the country is to cultivate lands according to the ecological conditions. A perquisite of such development is to recognize the wide range of associated factors, including climatic and land factors. Rice cultivation, as an ecological and economic phenomenon as well as a behavioral pattern originating from human-environment interaction, is at the mercy of environmental conditions, especially climate, water and soil resources, and natural factors play a pivotal role in providing favorable conditions for rice cultivation. Identifying suitable areas for growing crops and favorable climatic and topographic conditions can improve crop production. Lenjan County, located in a semi-arid region, has severe daily, seasonal and annual temperature fluctuations, which have caused detriments to various activities, especially the agriculture in this county. The Zayandehrud River running through the area has laid the ground for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Given the huge agricultural and horticultural potentials of this county, further analysis and planning are required. In this research, attempts have been made to investigate the agroclimatology of Lenjan County for rice cultivation. Methodology: Lenjan County is located 35 km southwest of Isfahan in the Zayandehrud valley. The meteorological stations studied here include Isfahan, Lenjan, Daran, Natanz and Najafabad. The data were obtained from the Meteorological Organization and the General Directorate of Agricultural Jihad in Isfahan and Charmahal Bakhtiari provinces. In this study, the daily and monthly meteorological data related to the parameters of temperature, precipitation and relative humidity were derived from these stations over a 15-year period (1996-2012). Then, the correlation between the climatic elements and the rice yield in selected stations was calculated. Finally, after the preparation of climatic maps, the altitude and slope levels were drawn using the Kriging method. Also, in the GIS, the final zoning map of the areas suitable/unsuitable for rice cultivation was drawn according to the corresponding elements. Results and discussion: The parameters and indices of rice agroclimatology in the west of Isfahan Province which are of paramount importance in the growth season and different stages of rice growth were studied and analyzed. The growth degree day of the rice for the whole growth period is a 1500-degree day. Hence, in light of the values obtained from the active temperatures, it was observed that all the stations were effective in terms of growth day degree and had favorable conditions concerning the active growth day degree. The minimum critical temperature of rice was-1° C, and, in none of the stations, the mean temperature during the growth period was lower than 0° C. The maximum number of days this temperature was below 10° C during the statistical period was reported at Najafabad station, but this temperature was never recorded at Isfahan station. All the stations experience weak frosts until the end of April, which, in high-elevation, lasts until the last ten days of May. Mild frost is also reported only at stations with elevations above 2000 meters in April. Severe frosts are recorded only at very high stations (altitude above 2250 m) in the first half of April. The minimum water consumption of rice from cultivation to maturity is not sufficient in any of the stations studied. Hence, all the stations must be irrigated throughout the growth season (from planting to maturity). The germination date is May 10 at Daran and Lenjan stations, June 5-10 at Isfahan station, and June 20 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. The tilling date is also from July 5 to 15 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from July 24 to 15 at Isfahan, and from August 10-20 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. This period lasts for 20 days at Lenjan station. The growth period of rice at Lenjan station is 22 days. The flowering date is from August 20 to September 10 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from September 1 to 15 at Isfahan station, and from September 25 to October 5 at Najafabad stations. At Lenjan station, the flowering period lasted for 30 days. The ripening of rice grains is from October 5 to 20 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from September 28 to October 15 at Isfahan, and from October 21 to November 7 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. The length of the ripening period at Lenjan station is 15 days. Finally, after designing climate maps, altitudes and slopes were drawn by GIS and the final map of the areas suitable for rice cultivation was designed according to the corresponding elements. The best areas were mostly located in the central and eastern parts, which overlapped with the plains. Moreover, an area of 294 square kilometers covered the stretches that were not suitable for rice growth, particularly the highlands of the west and north of the map, where the rainfall is lower than in other areas. These expanses are primarily located in the highlands and the vicinity of the highlands consisting of rocky and sloping lands. Infertile expanses, covering an area of 45 square kilometers, include mountains and areas devoid of agricultural soil. Conclusion: The results of this study show that, in the west of Isfahan Province, there is a fertile area of 492 square kilometers, which lies in the central areas and alluvial plains. Lenjan County is located in this area, where the late frost in spring and the early autumn cause the minimum damage. The initial growth of roots and stems and the rise of clusters are fairly quick, but adequate water is not supplied by rainfall. The fertile zones cover the major bulk of the map, which is an area of about 738 square kilometers.

In this research climatolological factors of the Mogan plain were studied according to saffron climatic requirements. For this purpose climatic data of five selected stations (Parsabad, Moshiran, Bielesavar and Aslandooz) were collected from 1363 to 1384 and the missing data for some stations were calculated using Minitab software. Amounts of potential evapotranspiration were estimated by 3 methods (Blaney-Criddle, Penman and Hargraves). The obtained results show that cultivation of saffron in 4 areas of the studied plain was possible, but only one of the selected stations, namely Moshiran (south west) has no reliable climatic condition for Saffron cultivation due to low temperatures. Climatic conditions of the Germy station (south west) is highly appropriate for saffron cultivation among the other areas.

The main aim of this research is investigation about adaptation of climatological conditions with bioclimatological requirements of olive plant for the selected climatological stations (Oroumiyyeh, Khoy, Salmas, Kahriz, Maku). Qualitative and quantitative considerations of climatological factors were also carried out according to olive plant cultivation conditions in the study area. Daily climatological data of the stations were collected for 15 statistical years (1989-2003) and were used for calculations.The study area is located between 32/37 to 37/39 north latitude and 26/44 to 45/5 east longitude. Stations with capability of olive cultivation were determined after consideration of climatological data and comparison of the result with required conditions of olive cultivation. The obtained results from analysis of climatological factors and adaptation of them with bioclimatological requirements of olive plant shows that this plant is very sensitive to heat decrease and heat makes limitation for olive cultivation in most part of the study area. Therefore, cultivation of olive is restricted only for Kahriz and Oroumiyyeh areas.According to the investigations that were carried out in this study, time table of cultivation and harvesting of olive yield was determined. Because of cold mountainous climatic conditions that is dominated in the study area, periods of blossom and harvesting of olive yield is later than the other areas. Blossom and harvesting periods are during June and September to early October respectively. Harvesting period for oil-pressing is in December.

One of the primitive principals for agricultural planning is the determining of the agricultural units. These units are polygons that integrate ground and climatic factors. Each of these units has different charateristics. In this study, Hamedan province, ground factors such as topograph;y; slope gradient, land types, soil deep and structure and climatic factors such as annual rainfall, annual temperature and evapotranspiration is considered. In First, using GIS function all of used data are weighted based on dry wheat potential. Then all of data layers in GIS database is combined into final layers using overlay function. The final map indicates the potential of different areas to dry wheat agriculture. To test of accuracy, the final map is compared with wheat productivity data in the study area. Result of this work indicates that the produced map has high accuracYand GIS is powerful techniques to producing of homogenous agroclimatic units.

Agriculture in the context of climate arrives at a favorable outcome. One of the important goals in agricultural researches is the investigation of effects of atmospheric parameter on various agricultural products. In this research we study the thermal and phenological conditions of grape cultivation in Hamadan province. In this study we analyzed thermal conditions for grape based on minimum and maximum daily temperatures of Meteorological stations in Hamadan province, by use of  thermal potential, normal distribution, optimal deviation, growing degree days (GDD), phenology interphase methods. We also used SMADA software for statistical analyses and by Arc GIS Software to determine the possibility of frost and IDW technique for zoning and presentation of spatial distribution results. The results show that from the southern to the northern of Hamadan province the total heat units is reduced. An examination of the probability of a late spring frost at 95% showed that the date varies from late April in the southern regions of the province to the first decade of May in the northern half of the region. The probable date of late spring frost was seen at the end of April in the southern half (Malayer and Nahavand) areas, which coincides with the phenological stage of germination. The date of these phenological stages complete with a delay of ten days from south to north. The deviation from optimal temperature conditions in each grape phenological stage, in the northern half is more than that of the southern half. According to the research results, early varieties of grapes is suitable for cultivation in the northern half of the region, due to the lower heat potential.[D1]

Variance of rainfed crops yield in different years is one of the main problems of world agriculture, specially in arid regions. There are two major groups of factors that might affect the development of agriculture.The first group are factors that are either constant in time or can be controlled with modifing methods and technologies. The second group are unsustainable factors related to microclimate of each region (such as the rate of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, etc.) which we can not.have any control on them; because climate modifing based on optimum need of any crop is possible only in Greenhouse conditions and in small scale, Therefore, recognizing the climatic parameters that influence crop yield is very important. By taking these factors into account, models can be prepared for forcasting the productivity and necessary plans can be made for providing the necessary crops in case of any shortage or saving them in stocks in case that there are morethan enough. In this research, the effective climatic parameters in the productivity of rainfed wheat in west Azarbaijan province has been studied, and the relation of crop yield and climatic parameters has been investigated by making different multiple regression models. Finally, some modells has been presented for forcasting the rainfed wheat productivity in west Azarbaijan province. Result of this study show annaully rainfall total and annaully fiost days average parameters have the more important role in the produce of fmd model.

Determining the soil moisture and thermal regimes, is an important subject in agroclimatology and soil management. Considering the time-consuming process of in situ soil measurements, a pedoclimate modeling approach using Newhall models was applied. The mean monthly precipitation and temperature of 52 metrological stations across East Azerbaijan province, northeast of Iran during a 30 years period (1991-2021) were obtained and used for Pedoclimate zoning of the study area by Thiessen method. Trend analysis of the two climatic variables by Mann-Kendall test confirmed a significant increase in the annual mean temperature (Z= +3.18) and a non-significant decrease in the annual mean precipitation (Z=-0.56). According to pedoclimate modeling of different regions, ranked based on covered area, the soils of the province have Aridic and Xeric moisture regimes as well as Mesic, Thermic, and Frigid thermal regimes, respectively. Assessing the prepared maps showed that the northwestern and western regions of the province have drier and hotter pedoclimate conditions than other regions. The largest pedoclimate zone of the province is the Weak Aridic-Mesic class and the Dry Xeric-Frigid has the smallest area. Comparing the generated maps with older ones indicated changes in the extent of pedoclimates and different soil classes over study decades, which might be attributed to climate change in the region. In general, the findings of this study, would be useful in recognition pedoclimates, soil classification and adjusting cropping pattern to adapt with climate change.

Introduction: More and better production of food is one of the necessities of today's world. Since production of agricultural products of one region depends on the air and climatic factors, it is important to examine the role of climate in agriculture (Mohammadi et al., 2004: 123). In relation to agroclimatology, numerous studies by different scientists and agricultural climatologists have been carried out in Iran and the world. Tobaybsir (2004) in a research says that in most regions of the Iran, especially in Lorestan Province like the other arid regions in Asia and North Africa, chickpea is usually planted in the spring and, thus, inadequate soil and water is the main limitation for this crop production. Chalakyan (2011) using data of annual precipitation, growing season precipitation, temperature, growing season relative humidity, elevation, slope, aspect, soil depth and wind speed made a zonation of the agroclimatic cultivated chickpea via AHP method for Ardabil Province. The results of the study indicated that the temperature and height of Ardabil Province are the main effective factors in cultivation of chickpea. Up to 120,000 to 150,000 hectares of land in Kermanshah Province is allocated to planting chickpea and the average yield is 450 kg per hectare (Haghparast, 2012: 13). A summary review of the literature shows that all the studies are conducted on this specific product and exclusively in agricultural areas. This research was employed spatial analysis functions of GIS, AHP and TOPSIS model to identify the areas suitable for cultivation of chickpea in Kermanshah province to put at the center of their attention.