Nowadays, Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is considered as one of the common diseases of mankind. CRF threatens the well being and health of patients. One of the main stressors that the patients with CRF may experience is the continuous and permanent treatment with dialysis. Also, as the treatment takes time and is invasive, patients frequently lose their jobs. The main objective of this descriptive study was to evaluate the relation of coping STRATEGIES with psychological complications in hemodialysis patients. A total of fifty – five patients were randomly selected and the information was collected using a questionnaire and a standard from of  SCI90. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between coping methods of escape and depression, aloofness and aggression, pickiness nature, depression and sensitivity.(p< 0.05). Therefore, a significant correlation exists between psychological complications and coping methods.

Focusing on the importance of identity formation during adolescence, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of identity status in using coping STRATEGIES in stressful situations, in visually handicapped adolescents. The data was collected from 96 visually impaired and sighted adolescents students, male and female, between 15-19 years old, in Tabriz, Maragheh and Tehran. The method was causal-comparative, using the tests: The Dellas Identity Status Inventory-Occupation, and Coping Inventory of Endler & Parker, and were analyzed via Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and t- test. The results showed that there are significant differences between identity status and coping STRATEGIES, in the visually handicapped group and sighted adolescents, but the gender was not significant.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, STRATEGIES, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (STRATEGIES), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

Aims: Marital ADJUSTMENT represents the strenght and efficiency of the family system. The family health depends on the existence of healthy and mature communications of couples; and if the family foundation is not strong enough, its outcome will be some kind of physical and mental problems. This study objective is to determine the predictive role of spiritual intelligence and coping STRATEGIES in marital ADJUSTMENT of teachers in Gonabad city in 2012-2013.Methods: In this correltional study, 330 teachers (160 males and 170 females) were selected using Morgan table through stratified sampling. They completed the spiritual intelligence, coping STRATEGIES, and marital ADJUSTMENT questionnaires, and the collected data were analyzed through SPSS V.11.5 employing Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.Results: The resluts indicated that there was a significant correlation between spiritual intelligence, and marital ADJUSTMENT (r=0.656, P=0.001), but there was no significant relationship between coping STRATEGIES and marital ADJUSTMENT (P=0.58) and also between coping STRATEGIES and spiritual intelligence (P=0.074). However, there was a negative and significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and emotion oreinted syle (r=0.39, P<0.001) from among 3 coping styles of problem oriented, emotion oriented and avoidant styles. According to the results of regression analysis, only spiritual intelligence predicts marital ADJUSTMENT.Conclusion: According to the findings, it is recommended that expert staff provide the younger individuals with STRATEGIES which increase spiritual intelligence including teaching the spiritual intelligence.

Objectives: Optimism plays a major role in coping with stressful life events. The purpose of the present study is to examine the influence of optimism on coping STRATEGIES and psychological ADJUSTMENT in adolescents.Method: In a correlational and causal-comparative study, 208 females and 147 males' volunteers to university entrance examination through a random cluster sampling were selected. Four questionnaires of Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOCQ), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were then administered to the subjects.Results: Optimists benefited greater problem-focused coping STRATEGIES compared to the pessimists. In addition, they had better general health (p<0.001) and life satisfaction (p<0.001). Regression analysis indicated that optimism-pessimism accounted for a significant amount of the variance (p<0.05) in coping STRATEGIES and psychological ADJUSTMENT.Conclusion: These findings confirm the role of optimism in employing better psychological ADJUSTMENT.

Pain coping STRATEGIES have been shown to be associated with severity of pain and well as physical and psychological functioning among patients with chronic pain. Assessment of coping STRATEGIES has received increasing attention and several measures of cognitive and behavioural coping have been developed. To date, the impact of coping responses on ADJUSTMENT to chronic pain has not been examined in the Iranian chronic pain population. Present study: (1) investigate the reliability and validity of the Iranian adaptation to the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (IR-CSQ) and (2) examine the relationships between the IR-CSQ individual subscales and severity of pain, physical disability and depression. Two hundred and thirty one male chronic pain subjects with mean age of 41.43 years (sd = 10.39) completed the IR-CSQ and 3 measures of ADJUSTMENT (present pain intensity, physical disability and depression). To determine the reliability of each of the 7 different subscales in the IR-CSQ, coefficient alphas were computed, using all 6 items in each subscale. The coefficient alphas were high, ranging from 0.74 to 0.83 which indicates that the 7 subscales of the IR-CSQ have satisfactory reliability (i.e., internal consistency). The co relational analyses of the data revealed that more Catsatrophising was associated with more severe pain, physical disability and depression. Also, more use of Ignoring Pain and Coping Self-Statement STRATEGIES was significantly associated with less severity of physical disability and depression. The co relational analyses also showed that higher perception of coping efficacy is associated with less pain, physical disability and depression. A series of 3 multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the IR-CSQ subscales and the 3 ADJUSTMENT measures (present pain intensity, depression and physical disability). The results indicated that while higher Catastrophising in chronic pain was a significant predictor of more severe pain, physical disability and depression, the higher use of Ignoring Pain Sensations and Coping-self-Statement were predictive of less depression. The findings of the present study lend additional support to the importance of pain coping STRATEGIES in understanding patients' ADJUSTMENT to chronic pain. In general, while greater Catastrophising was predictive of more severe pain, depression and physical disability, the greater use of Ignoring Pain Sensations and Coping Self-Statement STRATEGIES were predictive of lower levels of depression. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Various studies show that most of couples with fertility problems are distressed deeply. Infertility has broad psychological effects such as feeling distress, conflict, despair and … on individuals. Objective of this study is to examine the problem solving STRATEGIES and martial ADJUSTMENT in infertile couples and to compare with fertile couples. 71 infertile couples referring for treatment, to an infertility treatment center in Tehran and Isfahan and 28 normal fertile couples, referring for check up of their first pregnancy, to a treatment center in Isfahan, participated in this study. None of the participants had a child. Each of the partners answered separately the Marital ADJUSTMENT Test (MAT) and the Problem Solving STRATEGIES Inventory and a questionnaire containing some demographic information. The analysis of the result showed that there were no difference between fertile and infertile couples in problem solving STRATEGIES and marital ADJUSTMENT. The comparison between the couples indicated that the infertile woman showed a lower internal control toward their ability in solving problems. Categorizing couples into two adjusted and distressed groups regarding the MAT scores, indicated that the problem solving STRATEGIES are more negative in distressed couples. Examining correlation of different variables indicated that in infertile couples, problem-solving STRATEGIES of the individual and his/her spouse significantly predicts the couples level of ADJUSTMENT. Results show that marital ADJUSTMENT of fertile and infertile couples have no significant differences. Conflict and gloom found, is probably due to various approaches which different groups take toward infertility. In another word, not all the infertile persons face the infertility similarly.