The stock market as the main backrest of the capital market activities has a determining role in achieving continual and stable economic growth of countries.Economists believe that in countries which are rich in natural resources, focusing on the governance indicator to manage the foreign exchange earnings from exporting the natural resources in a better way, has a significant impact on the development of the stock market. In fact, right and scientific management of natural resources which are obtained from the result beat of each of the governance indicators on the abundance of natural resources, navigates the given resources to the high value-added activities in the section of the stock market and by effecting the stock properties, it will motivate investors to buy and sell in the stock market and it also will increase and improve the value of trades on gross domestic product as the stock market development indicator. Therefore, the present study sought to examine the impact of the natural resource management on the development of stock market of Selected countries with abound natural resources during 2008-2013 by using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results of the study shows that the variables of natural resource management, total efficiency, productivity of the factors of production, the real exchange rate and the size of the government has a significant positive impact on the development of the stock market. As well, the results of the estimates represent a significant and negative impact of the liquidity ratio variable to the gross domestic product development of the stock market.

Analyzing the effects of investor confidence on the mechanism of monetary policy transition and economic growth without Crude oil exports in Iran: The MGARCH approach is an important factor of the capital market and the investors. The main goal of every investor is, thus, to launch their investment in order to get a maximum profit from the output of their investment. To encourage the investors to invest in the financial assets, these sorts of assets must be greater than the other options (Mehrani & Bahramfar, 2004). The implementation of efficient market economy theory, which has received considerable attention by governors in the recent years, has been able to partially increase the capital market's share of money in financing firms. In effect, the qualitative and quantitative development of the capital market and the Islamic financial affairs as the main sources of financing in the last two decades, the formulation of the accounting and auditing standards required for the economic entities and other corrective actions have turned the exchange markets to one of the best options for the investment. According to the latest statistics, more than ten million Iranians are investing part of their resources in the exchange market. Therefore, this study was intended to investigate the effect of financial sustainability on monetary policy transfer mechanisms. In effect, the correlation between investor confidence in the markets, money growth and macroeconomic growth without oil was, indeed, analyzed along with their fluctuations. The practical research in the developed markets has shown that the change in macroeconomic variables, stock prices will also change, therefore it is expected that there is a strong relationship between the stock prices and macroeconomic variables. The stock price index is, indeed, the most important factor influencing investor decision making in the stock market; therefore, we need to be aware of the factors influencing stock prices. The process of monetary policy transfer begins from the asset market because the cost of information and transaction for the most assets are lower than the costs of changing the production or adjusting the consumption or investment of durable goods, especially when there is uncertainty about policies whether they are permanent or temporary. As the asset market responds very quickly, therefore assets prices play an important role in the money transfer mechanism. Using the MGARCH estimator, this study investigated the relationship between investors' confidence ratios, real money growth, and economic activity without crude oil exports and their fluctuations. Using this estimator enables the estimation of uncertainties so as to achieve perfectly consistent criteria. In this study, the PEG index of price-earnings to earnings growth for a variable of investor confidence, which is a better indicator than PE, was calculated. It should be considered that the potential growth of the companies can reflect the life of the investors as it uses several revenue generating factors such as brand, human capital and expectations and barriers to entry. Thus, this study investigated the effect of financial sustainability on the monetary policy transfer mechanisms in Iran. Indeed, the correlation between investor confidence in markets, money growth and economic growth, without Iranian crude exports, was analyzed alongside their volatilities. In particular, the heterogeneity of error variances in an MGARCH framework was used to obtain the estimated uncertainty criteria. In this paper, seasonal data and the variables from the beginning of 1991 to the end of 2016 were considered. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between macroeconomic volatility without oil and PEG investor confidence. The results showed that M2 cash flow fluctuation negatively affected PEG. The results also indicated a bilateral Grange impact between macroeconomic volatility without crude oil exports and liquidity volume. The other results of the study are as follows: Monetary policy can only directly affect investor confidence and its fluctuations in a long term. There is no significant Granger relationship between macroeconomic without oil and GDP growth.-The results showed the negative impact of macroeconomic uncertainty on oil noilGDP growth and the cause of the negative effect between production growth and its medium-and long-term volatility.-If monetary policy can directly control the capital market and its sustainability, given the correlation between the noilGDP and its fluctuations, the production consolidation and asset prices seem to be sufficient goals. Obviously, having a smooth economic cycle can relatively stabilize the market. However, the analysis showed the importance of monetary policy, which reflects the strong negative correlation between currency fluctuations and macroeconomic stability without oil and assets.

Growth literature indicates that human capital, education and technological progress are effective factors on economic growth. Empirical studies present that natural resource abundance have an important role on economic growth in natural-resource rich countries. This study essay investigates the relationship between natural resource abundance, human capital and economic growth in two cases of petroleum exporters' countries: A) Major petroleum exporters1 B) Other petroleum exporters.We use a panel data for the period 1970-2004. The results indicate that physical investment and openness have positive impact on economic growth, and resource abundant and government expenditure ae inversely related with economic growth.Human capital has a different impact in the two cases It has a negative impact on economic growth in the first case, but a positive impact in the second case We can conclude that human capital can be main factor to explain slow growth in resource rich countries. Countries that are rich in mineral and oil resources neglect the developing of their human resources by devoting inadequate attention and expenditure to education. So these countries have lower growth rate with respect to others.

Increasing role technology spillovers in increase competitiveness, innovation, production diversification increase product quality, improve distribution, increasing comparative advantages, finally achieving the economic goals achieved, and in addition to its importance internal technology highlights. Although technology transfer and absorption of import channel can effective instrument in economic growth and development countries to be considered. but technology spillover of channels import goods capital and intermediate means is not absorption technology spillover but also attract absorption technology spillover functions absorption capacity (human capital and technical knowledge) is. countries with resource abundance to support wealth natural potential are for the development human capital and technology spillover from business partners of channel imports goods intermediate and capital, but with careful examination of situation countries with natural resource abundance seen some of them successful in attracting technology spillovers some also have weak that it depend on situation institutional indicators such as economic freedom; because improving index of economic freedom makes proper use of exchange revenues derived from natural resources in order to promoting knowledge-based economy and improving absorption capacity technology spillover of channels imports goods intermediate and capital. So goal the present study is examines impact of natural resource abundance of channels economic freedom in selected countries with natural resource abundance during the period 1996-2014 using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). the estimation results, impact variables natural resource abundance of channel components economic freedom index, per capita income and inflation on absorption technology spillover is positive and significant.

Background and objectives: Environmental problems and challenges are one of the most important concerns and preoccupations of humans in the third millennium. Pastures are crucial components of the enviroment and natural resources, yet they have endured significant destruction in recent decades. For this reason, in recent years, restoration and protection projects and plans have been implemented in different countries. However, due to various reasons, livestock farmers, as the most important beneficiaries of this sector, did not participate much. Therefore, the main idea of this research was to discover the challenges of participation of livestock farmers in this sector. In this regard, this study was conducted with the general aim of investigating the challenges of livestock farmers' participation in pasture protection plans and projects in Kurdistan province in 2022.  Methodology: This research is quantitative in nature. In relation to its practical purpose, it involved field research for data collection and was conducted as a single-section study in terms of time. The statistical population of the research comprised all livestock farmers in the Saral region of Kurdistan province. Saral district, spanning 1000 km2, is situated in western Iran within Kurdistan province. The region experiences an average annual rainfall of 480 mm, characterized by a cold, semi-arid climate. Saral features sandy loam soils, well-suited for grazing livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats. Ecologically, Saral district serves as a secure habitat for a diverse range of plants and animals. Notably, this natural region has yet to be thoroughly and systematically studied, with a majority of research focusing on the regions plant and animal species rather than the factors contributing to degradation. The primary occupation of people in the Saral region is animal husbandry, marking it as one of Irans most susceptible areas for this practice. The study utilized a sample size of 385 individuals, determined by the Karjesi and Morgan table, employing a muli-stage sampling method with proportional allocation. The primary research tool, a questionnaire, was validated by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and Lisrel software. Results: The results of the coefficient of variation showed that the challenges of "not being familiar with forest protection methods" and "not holding workshops and training courses for livestock farmers" were the most important factors. In addition, the results of the exploratory factor analysis classified the challenges of participation of livestock farmers in pasture protection projects into four socio-cultural factors (15.021 percent), educational challenges (14.364 percent), managerial and legal challenges (13.324 percent), and economic challenges (9.521 percent), and these factors could explain 52.23 percent of the total variance of the factors. Considering that educational factors were one of the most important challenges in this field, it is suggested that policy makers and natural resource planners should pay more attention to the category of ranchers' education, because many ranchers do not have much knowledge of appropriate conservation behaviors.Conclusion: This study marks the inaugural effort in western Iran to safeguard rangelands. Previous studies on pasture conservation have often overlooked pastoralists, who maintain a close connection with these areas. Livestock farmers are pivotal in pastur protection, given their intimate ties to this sector. With appropriate training, they have the potential to make substantial contributions to the sustainability of this crucial domain.

In the present study, the economic performance of 58 countries with mineral resources shown that those countries with rich resources would not necessarily face source resource curse, in fact the institutional structure in these countries (measured by the resource governance index) determines which resources are a blessing or disaster. In this regard, the pool data analysis is used for the countries with mineral sources. Within the frameworka pool data model are evaluated on the reciprocal impact of the resource governance and the revenues of the minerals exports on the economic growth in these countries. Although most empirical studies have concluded the negative impact of abundant mineral resources on the economic growth in these countries, the present study results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between the economic growth and the components of the governance resource index (research hypothesis). If the institutional structures (resource governance) are appropriate, there is a significant positive relationship between the revenuesof the mineral resources and the economic growth.

Limitation of production factor caused Increase in productivity as the most important priority in the process of achieving economic growth and development. So that the share of "increased productivity" in the growth of national production of developing countries is more than the share of "increased Quantity inputs". But empirical evidence shows that most selected petroleum exporting countries due to low productivity of factors of production are deprived of achieving a stable and continuous economic growth. In this study, we tried the crossover effect of natural resources abundance and good governance indexs on total factor productivity in fifteen selected countries for the period 1996-2015. The research model using panel data and the generalized method of moments (GMM) was estimated. The estimation results show the crossover effect of abundance natural resources and all indexs of good governance on total factor productivity the in selected countries have had a positive and meaningful effect.

In the contemporary economics, knowledge is regarded as the main factor of production. There are many indicators like the economic complexity index for measuring the knowledge used in the products of a country. Due to the effect of economic complexity on the growth, development, competitiveness, and bargaining power on the one hand and the considerable gap of the economic complexity index among different selected oil-producing countries and developed countries on the other hand, the need for a scientific review of the factors determining the economic complexity to convert non-renewable resources into renewable resources among the selected oil-producing countries is necessary. The present study used the generalized moment of method (GMM) to investigate the interaction between the abundance of natural resources and governance index and the migration of elites on the economic complexity index of selected oil-producing countries during 2007-2016. The research findings indicated that the frequency of natural resources from the channel of governance has a significant positive effect while the migration of elites leaves a significant negative relationship with the economic complexity index among the selected oil-producing countries. Moreover, the research findings revealed that the political risk index has a significant negative effect on the economic complexity index and the interaction of innovation and intellectual property rights on the economic complexity index among the selected oil-producing countries was significant and positive.