In petrochemical industry, the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is accompanied by formation of heavy end wastes which consist of a mixture of di and multichloro compounds as kind of materials which are generated in ethylene dichloride (EDC) purification. A high quantity of chloro compounds found in the heavy end waste allows it to be polymerized with alkaline polysulfides to form polysulfide polymers. Thus, according to this, the environmentally hazardous heavy ends waste can now be converted into useful polysulfide polymers without any environmental problem. There are some methods for synthesizing a polysulfide polymer (PSP) from this waste. PSP with a rubbery property can be used for modification of bitumen. In this research the effects of polysulfide polymer (PSP) and the polysulfide polymer prepared by heavy end waste (wPSP) on bitumen and asphalt have been studied. Samples of 1, 3, 5% of PSP and wPSP as modifiers in bitumen have been prepared and their physical and mechanical properties are compared. Using this new modifier causes a fall in softening point (PSP=39.5%, wPSP=27.6%) and increase in penetration point (PSP=17.8%, wPSP=15.5%) and in asphalt mixture it causes decreases in rutting but has a small effect on Marshall strength of asphalt samples (PSP=4%, wPSP=11.6%).

Bitumen as a really important material road construction shows very attractive properties. Modification of bitumen by polymers increases the service life of the asphalt pavement. In order to improve the engineering properties of bitumen, both chemical and physical methods have been used which the physical methods, because of their simplicity, are more commonly employed. In physical modification, some materials such as polymers, are usually used. Polysulfide is one of the polymers that has recently attracted the interest of industries. It is interesting that this polymer which is made of heavy chlorinated petrochemical was tested to reduce the costs which are associated with bitumen modification as well as helping to alleviate the problem of waste accumulation. In this investigation, a polysulfide polymer derived from waste (waste liquid polysulfide polymer, WLPSP), in pure form and in combination with nanoclay was used to modify bitumen. The amounts of polymer added to the bitumen were 1, 3 and 5 weight percents. In the samples modified with both polymer and nanoclay, the amount of nanoclay was fixed at 2 wt%. The WLPSP polymer not only increased the softening point but also reduced the penetration of bitumen, resulting in improvement of the properties of bitumen at high temperatures. These effects could be observed for all samples of bitumen polymer-clay and bitumen-nanoclay blends. The bitumen modified with nanoclaypolymer and nanoclay alone showed a further reduction in penetration upon WLPSP modification. The penetration index (PI) of bitumen increased, indicating a lower thermal sensitivity of modified bitumen.

Pure bitumen which is used as a binder for asphalt has some functional limitations. Many works have been done to resolve these problems to develop better bitumen. The polymer modifiers are the most popular substances for these kinds of transformations. Many research approaches have been pursued to improve the bitumen quality as well as production cost reduction. Polysulfide polymer (PSP) which also can be gotten by synthesizing of Petrochemical Wastes (wPSP), is used as a modifier for bitumen in this research. Different weight percentages (1, 3 and 5) of PSP were mixed with Bitumen 60/70 from Tehran Refinery and then physical and mechanical properties of the results were experimented and compared. The results were shown that PSP was dispersed homogenized and increased the penetration, the softening point and also the penetration index. It also decreased the flashing point while the ductility and weight loss percentage stayed the same. The blend viscosity increase was the other result of this research. Using wPSP as oppose to PSP not only was more efficient but also could help to save the environment better. J. Color Sci. Tech. 5 (2011), 137-144 © Institute for Color Science and Technology.

One of the most important problems in the world nowadays is the soil erosion, which reduces soil fertility, increases sediment concentration in rivers and dam’ s reservoirs. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to investigate soil surface resistance changes using a polyvinyl acetate polymer with rates of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ml and application concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 percent in laboratory conditions and plot scale. The polymer application with a concentration of 25 percent and a rate of 25 ml in the level of 0. 79 m2 had the most soil surface resistance with a rate of 3. 3 kg cm-2. According to the obtained results and the economic cost (each litre of polyvinyl acetate of 100000 Rials) can state that the level of 15 percent can be selected as an optimum level for increasing soil surface resistance. With regard to the results it can be concluded that the used polymer in addition to the increasing soil surface resistance can have an effect on the soil conservation and control of water erosion.

The effect of nanocaly on crystalline structure of poly (vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, and the morphology of the resulting nano-composite were investigated using different characterization techniques. The presence of 3wt% Cloisite 30B in PVDF matrix results in 11 fold increase in the percentage of beta crystalline content of the polymer. This was found to be attributed to the epitaxial effect of the clay surface. The beta crystalline content of the pure polymer (6%) was raised to 68% in the composite. Addition of 5wt% polyamide 6 (PA6) improved dispersion of nanoclay which led to augmentation of the viscosity and displacement of the crossover frequency of the compatibilized composite towards lower frequencies. However, due to stronger affinity of the PA6 towards organically modified clay the epitaxial effect of the clay on crystalline structure of PVDF was totally eliminated. The reduction of viscosity in incompatibilized nanocomposite was attributed to reduced number of PVDF chain entanglements in the presence of nanoclay. Meanwhile, increase in viscosity and displacement of crossover frequency towards lower frequencies were attributed to formation of clay-PA nanoparticles and PVDF-polyamide 6 interactions. It is expected that the presence of polyamide 6 promotes the formation of oriented-beta crystals in PVDF, which in turn improves the piezoelectric properties of the polymer.

The Single grit scratch test is one of the first experiments for the fundamental recognition of the behavior of the material and the mechanism of chip formation under the grinding process. In this Test, a grit as an agent of the grinding wheel, is involved with the workpiece. The interpretation of its results makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the grinding behavior of this material, and the mechanism of cutting. Polyether ether ketone has been considered for its unique mechanical and chemical properties in aerospace and medical engineering. One of its applications is the construction of implants in the medical industry. In this study, the effect of uncut chip thickness has been studied on the mechanism of chip formation of the Polyether ether ketone. Several tests were carried out at different depths (starting from 1 μ m) and different cutting speed (5, 10 and 15 m/s). By increasing the cutting speed, a higher specific energy is required and the amount of energy at a maximum depth would be 2. 5 j/mm3.

Wind and water erosion are among the main causes of damage to the soil and environment. In previous studies, a great emphasis has been placed on the role of aggregates stability in erosion control and prevention of particles movement and displacement. For this purpose, the use of polymeric materials to control wind erosion has been considered, but the amount and duration of their effects on aggregate stability in different soils must be determined. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a Polyvinyl Acetate-based polymeric emulsion on dry aggregate stability, time-variation of dry Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), and optimum amount of polymer in different soils. To do this, three different soils were selected with light, medium, and heavy texture and soil characteristics such as determination of initial water content, particle size analysis, hydrometer tests and Atterberg Limits were determined. Later, 12 treatments were applied using four levels of 0, 25, 40, and 50 g/m2 of polymeric material with concentrations of 0, 25, 40 and 25 gr/lit and with three different soils. Then, in one day, one month, three, and six months intervals after preparation, the MWD of treatments were measured in three replications. Statistical analysis showed that, in many time intervals, application of polymeric material had significantly increased the MWD compared to water treated (control) samples, and both the amount of polymeric material and the volume of added emulsion affected aggregate stability. Compared to the water treated samples, the effect of all polymeric treatments on dry aggregate stability of sandy soil were considerable even after 6 months. MWD values of all polymeric treatments of the silty loam soil were higher than the control samples till 3 months but, after six months, only the MWD of polymeric treatment of 50 gr/m2 was still greater than the control. Also, in polymeric silty caly loam soil, only the MWD of the 50 gr/m2 treatment was still greater than the control samples after six months. Finally, polymeric treatment with 25 gr/m2 application was chosen as effective treatment because of having the lowest applied polymeric material and lowest polymeric emulsion volume.

Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer which is not a paintable polymer. Some intrinsic characteristics such as hydrophobicity, non polar structure, high crystallinity and steric orderness make it difficult for a polymeric coating to adhere on the polypropylene surface. To overcome such disadvantage, a rout was designed in which nano organic particles based on polyesteramide and nano inorganic particles (nanoclay) were used to modify polypropylene. Dendritic polymers possess a micellar core-shell spherical structure that are covalently bonded together and are able to be used as dispersing agent for nanoclay in polymeric matrices. The obtained samples underwent various experiments to assess the modification process and its effect on the physical, mechanical and structural properties. Thermal, morphological and rheometrical experiments revealed that different structures with intercalate and exfoliated order have been obtained. Mechanical tests also declared that the modification process has been useful. Finally measurements of contact angle cleared that in samples containing inorganic and organic nano particles, paintability has been improved.

The statistical empirical design is based on the statistical modeling of nonlinear polynomial equation and coding of these equations in the solution polymerization of vinylacetate in a factorial design. The surface calculation considers time, temperature and percent conversion as important factors in this polymerization reaction. In response, the influence of these factors is determined from the polynomial equations. Nonlinear regression is also used to model the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. Variance analysis is used in the study of dispersion of experimental data. The confidence level in this design is reported from total sum of the square and statistical calculations.