Inflation is a continuous and unavoidable problem in some developing countries. Disinflationary policies or controlling inflation leads to real costs for economy. Estimation of the costs of disinflation policy is usually done using the sacrifice ratio (SR) coefficient. This study examines the impact of inflationary uncertainty on sacrifice ratio in 31 developing countries, by average of inflation, inflationary uncertainties, openness rate for 31 countries in 1981-2015. By use of GARCH model we get Access to Inflationary uncertainties time series. Results showed there is direct relation between inflation and SR, also there is positive relation between inflationary uncertainties and SR. openness rate of economic can’ t explain any effects on SR. biases and inflationary uncertainties decrease the speed of disinflationary policies and makes the SR much bigger. Because of the importance of SR, it is good to decrease inflation with the least real costs by controlling liquidity and inflationary expectations.

Study of separation zone is so important in right-angled three-branch or four-branch open channel junctions. Some effective parameters in this case are inlet discharge ratio and flow depth which in this research the effect of inlet discharge ratio and weir height ratios (flow depth) on flow pattern and dimensions of separation zone has been simulated numerically. Investigation of numerical results showed that k-ω model well validated with experimental results and had good agreement, so that simulation error was less than 20%. Dimensions of separation zone in main and side channels were directly proportional with the inlet discharge ratio. Also as increases of height ratio of outlet weirs, flow depth increases and separation zone dimensions decreased. According to the analysis of numerical results, dimensions of separation zone in vertical direction, of the channel bed to water surface increased, so that for discharge ratio 0.6 and height ratio of outlet weirs 0.377, length of separation zone at the channel bed, 0.1 m up the bed and water surface was about 60 cm, 75 cm and 85 cm, respectively. So of the water surface towards the channel bed, length of separation zone decreased about %29.

دکارت می کوشد با به کارگیری راهکار شک و به یاری روش تحلیل، نخست هستی خود را اثبات کند و سپس چیستی «خود» را در مقام جوهر اندیشنده معلوم سازد. او پس از روشن کردن تکلیف «خود» در دو تأمل نخست است که از ره گذر تصورات واضح و متمایزی که از «دیگری» (اعم از خداوند و موجودات دیگر) در خود می یابد، دربارة هستی و چیستی «دیگری » حکم صادر می کند. او سرانجام، با استفاده از حقایق مکشوف با نور طبیعی عقل است که به سراغ اصول تنظیم کنندۀ مناسبات با دیگری می رود. اما پاسکال در ضمن اعتراف به عدم امکان کشف «خود» از طریق درون نگری، فرآیند ابتکاری دکارت در تأملات را وارونه می سازد و کشف «خود» را در گرو رابطه اش با «دیگری» و متأخر از آن می داند. بدین ترتیب سوژۀ اندیشندۀ آزاد و خودآیین دکارتی که «دیگری» را جز در مقام متعلق شناخت خود به رسمیت نمی شناسد و هستی و چیستی «دیگری» را در گرو تصوری می پندارد که «خود» از او دارد، درست در برابر انسان مجبور و دگرآیین پاسکالی قرار می گیرد که هستی و چیستیِ خود او نیز بر دو محور پیش و پس از هبوط، از سویی، و پیش و پس از دریافت فیض الهی، از دیگر سو، وابسته است که در هیچ کدام ارادة آدمی مطلقا نقشی ندارد. تنها تغییر وضعیت وی پیش و پس از دریافت فیض الهی، در تجربۀ نحوه های متفاوتی از دگرآیینی و عدم امکان تجربۀ هر گونه خودآیینی است و سرانجام، تنظیم مناسبات با «دیگری» نیز تنها در پرتو ارجاع به یک «ابردیگری» که خداوند باشد میسر می گردد.

Studies have shown that a positive perception of service quality led to spectator satisfaction, which in turn led to positive behavioral intentions, such as repetition of purchase or consumption, loyalty, dedication, or even more payments. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between service quality (quality of outcome and functional quality) on the behavioral intention and the dedication of cinema spectators due to their satisfaction. The research method was descriptive and survey type. The research samples were selected from 598 spectators of Simorgh Cinema in Mashhad through available sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was configured in a 5-point Likert scale. The hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling at the confidence interval level of 0. 95. The results indicated that the quality of outcome and the functional quality had a positive effect on the satisfaction of the spectators. Also, the spectators’,satisfaction affected their behavioral intention and dedication. The findings confirmed the mediating role of satisfaction in the relationship between quality dimensions and behavioral intention, and the dimensions of quality and spectators’,dedication. This relationship was also significant in terms of quality of outcome and behavioral intention, as well as the quality of outcome and spectators’,dedication. But the spectators’,satisfaction did not mediate the effect of functional quality on dedication as well as their behavioral intention.

This paper is devoted to calculate the sacrifice ratio in Iran, which is in the context of assessing the impact of monetary policies that are carried out by central bank to control the inflation. Sacrifice ratio is the cumulative output loss arising from a permanent reduction in inflation due to the contractive monetary policies. We drive the estimate of the sacrifice ratio from four variables structural VAR model. In this model - with some specific assumption, concerning Iranian economy - the calculated sacrifice ratio is -2.27 in a six years horizon. The results of this paper represent these two facts that first, contractive monetary policies for controlling inflation has almost reduced inflation long run trend. Second, negative sacrifice ratio indicates that the benefits of the lower inflation trend is reflected on higher growth rate of output in the long - run.

Purpose: Sacrifice is regarded as an important component in improving the quality of marital relationships. The purpose of this study was to study the lived experience of sacrifice phenomenon in marital relationship and to identify its final structure among research participants. Methods: A total of 10 participants were selected in this descriptive phenomenological psychological study, using purposive-voluntary sampling and conducting in-depth interview until data saturation was reached. Results: Data analysis led to a structure which included 12 constituents within the context of married life: 1-having a sense of love and understanding for the spouse in marriage, 2-having a sense of humanity, conscience and personal growth, 3-Valuing religious faith and belief, spirituality and sacrificing behaviors, 4-belief in the necessity of mutual sacrificing behaviors, 5-understanding one-wayand damaging sacrifice, 6-belief in correlates of sacrificing behavior such asforgiveness, patience, and tolerance of hardship, 7-need to be appreciated forsacrificing behavior of spouse, 8-perceiving sacrifice as unselfishness and devotingthe self for another, 9-having a long-term positive attitude and commitment towardmarriage, 10-sacrificing because of factors other than spouse such as children, 11-modeling the family of origin, and 12-considering gender differences in sacrificingbehaviors. Conclusion: The results of this study have implications for counselingcenters and professionals in education and couple therapy as well as in premaritalcounseling. With understanding the structure of sacrifice, as defined in the presentstudy, it will help couples to avoid marital dissatisfaction and enhance maritalquality and satisfaction.

In today's era, capable human resources are considered an important, main capital and a competitive advantage for any group and organization, therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of three factors of job dedication, perceived organizational support, and happiness on performance in a statistical population of personnel. It is designed by the organizations of Mashhad Municipality. For this study, which is an applied, descriptive-survey research, the minimum sample size is 108 people based on Cochran's sample size formula. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages have been investigated and analyzed using computers and statistical package software for social sciences, and inferential statistics using Imus software and confirmatory factor analysis and structural modeling, and also checking reliability. And to ensure the fit of the research model, the effect of all three variables of job dedication, perceived organizational support and happiness on performance was confirmed. Also, while there is a significant relationship between job dedication and perceived organizational support, the mediating role of happiness between these two variables with performance was confirmed.

The aim of present study was to investigate the moderating role of equity perception and sacrificial behaviors on the relationship of spouse intimacy with marital quality among married employees of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) in Ahvaz city. The statistical population was all of the NIOC married employees in Ahvaz city, and the sample included 400 subjects (186 men and 214 women) who were selected via classified random sampling. Intimacy Scale (IS), Perception of Equity Measurement (PEM), Perception of Sacrificing Behaviors Measurement (PSBM) and Quality of Marriage Index (QMI) were used for data collecting. The results of Pearson Correlation Coefficient indicated that there was a significant correlation (P<0.0001) between spouse intimacy and sacrificial behaviors with marital quality. Moreover, the adjusted regression analysis revealed that perception of equity and sacrificial behaviors had a moderating role on the relationship of spouse intimacy and marital quality. It can be concluded that the relationship between spouse intimacy and marital quality is not a simple linear association and it was adjusted and moderated by perception of equity and sacrificial behavior.