Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), a native plant from Iran, belongs to Lamiaceae family. This species is traditionally utilized as sedative, diuretic, sweater and antiseptic, It is also used to treat of gastrointestinal diseases and constipation. Origanum species are widely used in spice industry. In this study, the essential oil of the aerial parts of a subspecies from this plant namely Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare was isolated through hydro-distillation following its collection from South region of Chalus in its flowering as well as in seed stages. The extracted essential oils were analyzed through GC and GC/MS systems. Nienteen compounds were identified in the extracted essential oil in the flowering stage which constituted about 99% of the total oil. The latter sample was found to be rich in linalyl acetate (27.2%), g-terpinene (16.5%), 3-octanone (10.9%), b-pinene (8.4%) and carvacrol (6.4%). The 22 identified compounds made up 98.6% of the essential oil in seed stage, carvacrol (23.2%), a-pinene (15.8%), b-pinene (10.7%) and trans-caryophyllene (5.3%) constituted the main compounds. According to the GC/MS results, the monoterpenes were characterized as the most predominant essential oil fraction in either stage. The percentages of the other components of the oils were 16.8 and 5.7 for the plant at flowering and at its seed stages, respectively.

The effects of two levels of N (0,200 kg ha-1) and one level of P (200 kg ha-1) and K (100 kg ha-1) on oil components of leaves and flowering branches in Mentha piperita L. under the farm condition have been evaluated.Increase of N (200/200/100 kg ha-1 as compared with control 0/200/100 kg ha-1of N/P/K), enhanced the amount β -ocimene in oil of leaves (after the flowering period) and flowering branches. Also increase of N reduced linalool and 1,S-cineole in oil of leaves and flowering branches. β -caryophyllene enhanced with the increase of N in flower oil but also reduced in leaves’ oil.  

The genus of Satureja consist of 30 species in world. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge is one of the endemic species of this genus in Iran. In order to identify the quality changes of essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica, we planted the specimen in 1382 in Khorram Abad on the 36 plot, using the split factorial design in randomized complete block with 3 replications. Aerial parts of plants were collected in two stages (before and full flowering) from field and provenance in the second year. The plant materials were dried and hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oils. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The main component of essential oil before flowering stage were carvacrol (20%), P-cymene (36.5%) and thymol (19.2%). In the flowering stage 21 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (25.5%), p-cymene (23.2%), thymol (0.5%) and mentone (18.5%) as the main constituents. Fifteen compounds were characterized in the oil of field sample (Khorram Abad). The main constituents of the oil were carvacrol (48.6%) and p-cymene (28.6%) before flowering stage. In the flowering stage 13 compounds were characterized in the oil with carvacrol (62.3%) and p-cymene (21.2%) as the main constituents. The oil yields of cultivated and wild S. bachtiarica samples were 1.1, 2.08% and 1.8, 1.1% before and full flowering stages, respectively. The amount of carvacrol in Satureja bachtiarica oils were 48.6%, 62.3% and 20%, 25.8% before and full flowering stages, in field and provenance, respectively. These results showed that variation of ecological characters like altitude, temperature, humidity and climate had effect on percentage of carvacrol.

In order to determine the seeding cycle of beech tree in Kelardasht, Sangdeh and Gorgan forest of Caspian region 96 dominant tree were selected. Quality and quantity measurement on these trees was conducted and then all of these trees were felled down. From each tree one disc was cut above of the ground. These discs were analyzed and measurement such as annual diameter growth rate done on these disc. The results of this study are follow.1-two type of seeding cycle (heavy and light) was detected in beech trees.2- The minimum age of seeding is about 30 years and at this age light seeding usually starts.3- The heavy seeding begins at the age of about 60 to 75 years.4-in single site different seeding cycles observed during the living of trees.5-The light seeding accrues in 1 to 3 years periods but heavy seeding accrues in 3 to 9 years intervals.6-Regeneration of natural forest depends on light seeding cycles.7-This study revealed that natural regeneration must be based on light seeding, therefore forestry practices increases the harvesting cycles from 5 years to 10 or more years in implementation of forestry Project especially in seeding felling in shelter wood cutting systems.

Backround: The Pycnocycla bashgardiana Mozaffarian is one of the endemic medicinal species in Hormozgan province. Because of the valuable compound myristicin in the organs of this plant, it is used intravenously in the treatment of some diseases. Objective: Evaluation of essential oil content and constituents of aerial parts during different phenological stages including before flowering, flower initiation, full flowering and seed maturity stsgegs. Methods: the essential oil was isolated using Clevenger-type apparatus, and their constituents were identified using GC and GC/MS devices. Results: The highest essential oil content (2. 22%) was related to flower initiation stage. The essential oil content at pre-flowering, full flowering and seed maturity stages were 0. 64%, 1. 54% and 0. 74%, respectively. In general, 39 compounds were identified in the isolated essential oil, some of which were found only in one stage of growth and some others were observed in all of the four examined stages. Comparison of essential oil constituents showed that in all stages, p-cymene, E-beta-ocimene, myristecine, sabinene, (Z)-beta-ocimene and isomyristicin were the major compounds. The myristecine level in all stages was one of the three high compounds that reached to 52. 71, 12. 8%, 8. 6% and 17% at before flowering, flower initiation, full flowering and seed maturity stages, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, the maximum amount of myristecine was obtained at the vegetative stage before the plant reaches flowering. Also, the maximum content of Z-beta-ocimine and E-beta-ocimine compounds were found during flowering, however, maximum iso-myristicin, subabinen, and parasimine were observed at seed maturity stage.