Aim and Introduction: Given the diversity and limitations of resources, as well as the increasing complexity, dynamism, and changes in the business environment, the development of home-based businesses can be considered as one of the most effective strategies for governments to create jobs, generate wealth, and fight poverty. However, the development of home-based businesses is currently facing many obstacles and challenges, which has made it necessary to identify the main actors and the relationships between them. Given the importance of home-based business development and the role of this type of business in sustainable development, the ultimate goal of this study is to provide a framework for identifying and explaining the strategic antecedents of home-based business development. Therefore, the main question of the research is what factors and actors play a role in the success of home-based businesses and what are the relationships between these factors and what are the appropriate strategies for the development of these types of businesses and finally what is the appropriate framework for home-based business development. Methodology: The approach of the present research is qualitative, in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of nature and method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is composed of activists, specialists, and experts in the field of home-based business, especially those who have written and researched in this field. Using the snowball sampling method, selected samples were identified and data were saturated in the interview with the 13th person. In this study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data, and Brown's and Clark's (2006) six-step content analysis was used for analysis. To check the validity of the research tool, the interviews were carefully recorded and after coding, some qualified experts who had the necessary capability and competence were asked to re-examine and comment on the constructed concepts, and finally, the interviews were re-coded by a person familiar with the research literature. To calculate the reliability of the interviews, the method of calculating the agreement between the two coders has been used. Also in this study, to validate the research findings, the first four interviews were randomly given to a colleague and he/she was asked to encode the text. Kappa coefficient was then used for the reliability of the findings. The value of the kappa coefficient obtained (0. 860) indicates that there is a high agreement between browsers and is approved by experts in terms of the quality of the calculated indicators. Finding: The analysis of the findings based on the content analysis, finally, 35 codes were labeled as primary contents, four codes as organizing contents, and two codes as comprehensive contents. The results of data content analysis show that the strategic antecedents of home-based business development can be classified into two categories, whose dynamic interaction with each other can lead to a kind of common synergy. The first category called “ predisposing” and has an exogenous nature and facilitating role, is under the control of the environment and home-based businesses must manage and control these factors by adopting active measures and strategies. The second category, which is called "empowerment", has an internal nature and is controlled by companies, and is a motivating factor. This factor in its structure creates the necessary bedrock and motivation for the success of home-based businesses. The interaction of empowering and predisposing factors requires a strong and effective flow that can simultaneously connect these elements to create effective shocks in home-based businesses. In this study, the connection and co-creation of these two factors are defined as "common synergy". Given the complexity, dynamism, and ongoing mobility of the home-based business environment, "common synergy" also requires other interactive flows that can build innovation and trust within home-based businesses; in this study, the term "dynamic capacity building" has been used for interactive flows, which includes "social capital" and "open innovation". Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that for the development of home-based businesses, both internal and external factors must be emphasized simultaneously, which means common synergy. External factors, in turn, are tools and strategies that provide the right conditions and contexts to facilitate the development of home-based businesses that include creating permanent markets for home products, access to distribution channels and target markets, improving the business environment, legal protection of home-based businesses, elimination of cumbersome administrative rules and regulations, and decentralization of the decision-making process and greater delegation of authority to local institutions, the use of social networks and media, and the development of e-commerce. internal factors are also empowering tools, motivators, and incentives for the development of home-based businesses, in this regard, provided various, continuous, and professional training, market type and segmentation, attention to branding, competitive pricing training, familiarity with different marketing methods, especially media marketing and Social networks, the development of risk-taking, work commitment and job independence can be mentioned. In addition to common synergy, multiple interactions between actors that foster innovation and creativity, and factors that build trust and lasting relationships, lead to dynamic capacity building and, consequently, the development of home-based businesses. Meanwhile, one of the interactive tools for home-based business development is a focus on innovation, especially open innovation, which focuses on technology purchasing and patenting, take licensing and common ventures, give licensing and licensing purchases, and the creation of common ventures. Meanwhile, social capital also plays an important role in the capacity building and development of home-based businesses. Social capital, by creating interactive and continuous relationships with trust based on a common vision, causes a kind of culturalization in the field of knowledge exchange and sharing, and in addition to flexing the boundaries of enterprises, facilitates the flow of knowledge entry and exit. In this regard, developing social justice, creating a common vision and insight, as well as creating networked relationships between home-based businesses can provide the basis for the reproduction of social capital in this type of business and thus the development of home-based businesses.

The role of collective efficacy is important in efficiency and effectiveness of school. The Results of the previous studies indicate that collective efficacy of teachers have been influenced by direct and indirect variables such as transformational leadership, self efficacy and school culture. So far no research on the effects of school characteristics on teacher collective efficacy has been done. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the main character of the school as a school solidarity on teacher’s collective efficacy. For this purpose, through using correlation method (non-experimental), 120 teachers in secondary school who were randomly selected from city of Karaj completed questionnaires related to school solidarity and teacher’s collective efficacy. The research hypothesis was tested by Pearson correlation and the regression analysis for them has been answered one by one. The results showed that from the main features of the school, appropriateness of the curriculum with school needs is most relevant to the collective efficacy of teachers. The findings also showed a positive relationship between school solidarity and collective efficacy of teacher. Moreover, the answer to the research question showed that 53% of the variance in collective teacher efficacy can determine the school solidarity as main character of the school.

Purpose: Isolation of employees in organizations is one of the most important drivers of deviant behaviors and reduces employee participation and motivation and ultimately reduces individual and organizational performance. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of anti-elitism on employee isolation with respect to the moderating role of bureaucratic culture in governmental organizations. Design/ methodology/ approach: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature, the descriptive-correlation method and in terms of data collection is also part of field research (survey). The statistical population of the present study includes the employees of governmental organizations in Ilam that 375 people were selected for the sample using simple random sampling method. The data collection tool in the present study is a standard questionnaire. Kim and Baker standard questionnaire (2021) was used to measure the anti-elite variable, OKA standard questionnaire (2018) was used to measure the staff isolation variable and Denison (1990) questionnaire was used to measure the bureaucratic culture variable. Visual PLS software was used to analyze the research data. Research Findings: The results showed that anti-elitism has a significant effect on employee isolation due to the moderating role of bureaucratic culture in governmental organizations. Also the dimensions of anti-elite are; Targeted organizational rejection, job freezing and knowledge avoidance which have a significant effect on employee isolation due to the moderating role of bureaucratic culture in governmental organizations. Limitations & Consequences: In this research, only the variable of bureaucratic culture has been considered as a moderating one, while there are other variables that play a moderating role in the impact of anti-elitism on employee isolation. Ignoring elites and anti-elitism in organizations causes the deliberate isolation of employees in them, and this is more evident in organizations dominated by bureaucratic culture. Practical Consequences: In order to reduce the isolation of employees in governmental organizations, there should be a culture and atmosphere of support for elite people. Innovation or value of the Article: In the research conducted in the country, the effect of anti-eliticism on the isolation of employees has not been investigated due to the moderating role of bureaucratic culture. Paper Type: Research article

The purpose of this research is to design a model to determine factors effecting on formation of personal brand between entrepreneurs in Isfahan city. This research is a kind of developing research based on the goal and based on the method is a basic-exploratory research that is done in a qualitative manner. The statistical population of the research includes 18 personal brands of entrepreneurs in Isfahan city that had been selected in the purposeful sampling and with attention to the saturation rule. The method of data collection is interview. The findings of the research in the qualitative section indicate that two categories of internal factor and external factors have influenced the formation of personal brand among entrepreneurs in Isfahan. Internal factor consist of apparent, personality and competency factor that arise from person and is not related to the invironment. External factors consist of social, organizational and familial factor that rooted in environmental factor. Also, Personal brand consist of individual, organizational and social outcomes. If the outcome related to person is as an individual out come, and if is related to organization is know as organizational and if it is related to environment is call as environmental factor. Findings in the quantitative part of the research show that internal factor and external factors with impact factor of 52. and 54. have influenced the formation of personal brand and personal brand. Personal brand with impact factor of. 58 influenced on personal brand outcomes.

Organizational citizenship behavior is one of the most important factors affecting the performance of higher education institutes. The emergence and development of the concept of organizational citizenship behavior have created a major change in the field of organizational behavior. In other words, the important role this structure plays in explaining organizational behavior and its status in educational administration theories led to the study of its effect on occupational and behavioral factors. Also, due to the significant effects that some variables have on employees' organizational citizenship behavior, the role of these factors, such as personality traits, Islamic work ethic, servant leadership, and ethical leadership in their organizational citizenship behavior has been investigated. Briefly, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the structural relationships among antecedents, consequences of academic staff's organizational citizenship behavior. In this regard, 232 people were selected from the staffs of Urmia University through a stratified random sampling method. The data of the present study were gathered by 12 standard questionnaires. The methods of conformity factor analysis and the structural equations model were used by SPSS 22 and LISREL 8. 45 software in order to analyze the data. The results of the structural equations modeling indicated that personality traits of Islamic ethics, ethical leadership, and organizational citizenship behavior have a direct and significant relationship and a prerequisite for organizational citizenship behavior. The results also showed that feeling and increasing organizational citizenship behavior among employees with increasing social capital, entrepreneurship, participation, empowerment, and productivity of manpower and reducing job burnout. In this model, all loadings-except for the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior with servant leadership and job cracks-were statistically significant.

The present study aimed to evaluate the antecedents and consequences of organizational citizenship behavior in medical universities in 2019. The research method was based on an applied purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of data collection and was a mixed method. The statistical population of the study in the qualitative section included academics, managers, and experts in behavioral and educational topics who were selected purposefully, and in the quantitative section included; staff members of medical universities in the south of the country who were selected using the stratified sampling method. The final 26 components were obtained from a review of the literature and similar research and the Delphi method, which were categorized in the form of antecedents with the components of; individual factors; managerial factors, organizational factors, and job characteristics; and consequences with the components of; individual and organizational consequences. The proposed model was analyzed in structural equation modeling and SmartPLS software, and the final model was presented. The results of the study indicated that all research relationships were confirmed based on the effect of antecedents of individual factors at a rate of 0.523, managerial factors at a rate of 0.372, organizational factors at a rate of 0.506, and job characteristics at a rate of 0.399 on organizational citizenship behavior, as well as the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on individual outcomes at a rate of 0.502 and on organizational outcomes of the University of Medical Sciences at a rate of 0.575, with a confidence level of 99%.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of accepting elearning in students. This research is a descriptive correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the number of 4064 people. 351 people were selected as a sample through proportional stratified random sampling method. To measure the research variables, questionnaires of students' characteristics, students' attitudes toward e-learning, system quality, content quality, teachers' characteristics, knowledge management, e-learning acceptance, behavioral intention and actual use of e-learning system were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by logical (formal and content) and structural (confirmatory factor analysis) validity methods and the reliability by Cronbach's alpha were estimated. The data analysis method was performed at two levels of descriptive and inferential (structural equation model). Based on the research results, students 'characteristics, students' attitudes toward e-learning, system quality, content quality, faculty characteristics and knowledge management as a precursor and behavioral intention and actual use of e-learning system as a consequence of accepting e-learning Is an emphasis. The highest correlation coefficient was observed between system quality and e-learning acceptance (ß, = 0. 91) and the lowest correlation between content quality and e-learning acceptance (ß,= 0. 42). Also, the highest correlation coefficient was observed for e-learning acceptance consequences. Behavioral intention (ß, = 0. 72) was observed between e-learning acceptance and possible outcome. According to the obtained results, it can be said that any increase in the variables of student characteristics, students' attitudes toward e-learning, system quality, content quality, faculty characteristics and knowledge management as antecedents with increasing In students' elearning acceptance and any increase in the e-learning acceptance variable will be accompanied by an increase in the amount of behavioral intention and actual use of the elearning system as consequences.