Introduction: The development of the necessary infrastructure to enhance the walkability in urban areas has an important role in sustainable urban development and from various aspects of the environment, public health and social justice can improve the quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the pedestrian capability approach for the development of a sustainable city in District 16 of Tehran Municipality as one of the greenest urban areas in Tehran. Material and methods: In this research, the criteria, qualities, characteristics and physical, functional and spatial variables of the man-made environment that affect the amount of walking in the D16 of Tehran Municipality have been studied and collected. Then, using GIS spatial analysis and prioritization of indicators using Analytical Hierarchical Process, the pedestrianization of different parts of the region has been investigated. Results and discussion: Criteria affecting the location of sidewalks and greenways in the D16 in 9 main categories and 30 sub-criteria were collected in a hierarchical structure and their spatial information was collected. The diversity and wide range of indicators evaluated results in a comprehensive analysis of the current situation can be considered as one of the strengths of this study. Each of these indicators was analyzed for the study area and the situation of walking potential in the D16 was studied based on each of the indicators. Using the preference of criteria based on the opinion of experts and the overlap of different layers, finally, the map of the degree of walkability and the map of the degree of the walkability of the road network in the 16th district of Tehran Municipality was obtained. According to the results, the spatial value shows the highest values ​​in Khazaneh, Naziabad and Bagh Azari neighborhoods, respectively. In addition, Bukharai Street, Madaen Street, Rajaei Street and Street next to Besat Park are the axes with the highest amount of pedestrian traffic in the region, respectively. Conclusion: Based on detailed traffic studies, the best places to define sidewalks or urban greenways were identified, and since these axes have a high volume of pedestrian traffic, it is very important to pay attention to the needs of pedestrians in them. The three neighborhoods of Naziabad, Aliabad North and Khazaneh were identified as three suitable areas for the development of pedestrian axes in the region and were introduced to further concentrate the municipality of the region.

Pedestrian ways as an integral part of the urban transportation system complete the origin-destination trajectory. Due to the problems created by motorized transportation within the city, pedestrian movement could reduce fuel consumption, air pollution, congestion problems and costs associated with families. This could also improve physical and mental health of citizens and the quality urban spaces would be created. The objective of this study is to assess the walking capability of pedestrian ways in the city of Isfahan. The method of survey has been used in order to choose a Cochrane statistical sample of 400 participants, using different criteria to assess the qualitative and quantitative aspects of pedestrian ways. To analyze our database, the assessment model of TOPSIS has been used and classification of subjects is down by cluster analysis. The results showed a very large differences between the pedestrian ways of the city in terms of 54 criteria considered in the study. Ostandari and Chahar-Bagh had greater capability of walking than the other axes, and Ghaemieh was the worse.

Increasing active school trips is a strategy for children’s health. Although route features may associate with higher amounts of walking school trips, the majority of previous studies have focused on buffer-level characteristics of the built environment. Moreover, the role of children’s interests has not been widely examined in previous studies. The present study investigates the associations between the route-level features of the built environment, socio-economic, and cognitive characteristics on children’s walk to school. A total of 340 questionnaires were distributed among 7-12 year-old pupils across three primary schools in a neighbourhood in Tehran. For each route to school the environmental features were collected per Pedestrians First (PF) instrument, a tool for measuring walkability. Results reveal that number of motorcycles, and distance from home to school are negatively, and non-residential land use and proportion of favourable sidewalks are positively related to children’s walk to school. Parental worry about children’s walking to school is negatively associated with children’s walk to school. It is also found that children’s interest in walking is not significant. Results have important ramifications for planning the walk to school programs in the neighbourhood level. Furthermore, findings underscored the provision of multi-facet long-term policies such as land use changes and school location patterns across the neighbourhood, when preparing master and land use plans, to enhance walking school travels for health reasons.

Today, tourism industry has become a leading industry in the world. Many countries have been using tourism attraction factors such as pedestrian walkways to strengthen their tourist destinations and improve their status. Walkways with signs and milestones are places where tourists can read urban scenery and keep the memory of the city. Tourism attraction not only addresses the needs of the pedestrian route, but also it is regarded as a necessity for solving valuable issues such as attracting tourists in cities. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the pedestrian walkway potentials and also to determine the impact and relevance of the attraction and satisfaction of Alamolhoda walking way on tourists. In doing this study, first, we used documentary and library methodologies with a systematic review of relevant resources in order to identify the sidewalk main standards. Then a conceptual model was prepared using a mixed method based on sidewalk evaluation factors within the framework of tourist satisfaction. Subsequently, the researchers measured the physical and cultural components of Alamolhoda sidewalk through a questionnaire based on sidewalk assessing components. The importance level of each component was evaluated purposefully and according to the obtained qualitative data from graphical analysis and SPSS. Finally, these factors were categorized based on the extracted factors to different components. Finally, our results showed that readability and imagery components in Alamolhoda sidewalk had a significant effect on tourist satisfaction.

Over the past decades, the declining process of city centers has intensified due to the over relying on modern urbanism based on movement of cars and neglecting to organize pavements what is contrary to the sustainability of the city. The increasing trend towards sustainable urban development has caused urban planners to put forward the theory of new urbanism to save urban centers and the authorities to consider plans in order to pay attention to pedestrians which is one of the dimensions of new urbanism. The present paper also seeks to explore the walkability of the existing streets in the historical texture. In that direction at first, the view of pedestrians, in the form of distribution of 400 questionnaires, has been evaluated in terms of the quality of seven main indicators of walkability, including accessibility, safety, security, furniture, attractiveness, transportation and social activities in the study area. Accordingly, streets in the historical texture has been prioritized using the second type of Promethee technique. Based on a result of this technique, Beheshti, Khajeh Nasir South, Oohadi, Imam Khomeini and Daneshareh streets and so on have the highest level of walkability respectively. The results of this study showed that only 20% of the passages in the historical texture have walkability features.

In the past, cities enjoyed a high level of walkability, and walking for the various stratas of the society was considered as the main traveling mode inside the human settlements due to its low cost and accessibility.But after the Industrial Revolution and the dominance of cars in the cities, the role of pedestrian walking was scaled down.In the last decades, because of air pollution, policies to reduce the use of private cars and fossil energy consumption, the urban planning has oriented itself towards increasing the walkability capacity in the cities.Currently, numerous number of cities in the world have attempted to prepare pedestrian comprehensive plans, whose among main goals the following is enlisted: promotion of the quality of life, improvement of access and mobility, promoting the air quality, traned choices, economic vitality, equity, proper relationship between Transportation and Land use, funding and revenue, health and safety environmental sustainability.Since The government and modern cities are taking shape on the basis of encouraging pedestrian movement and creating walkable cities. An important example in tine with this new approach one can mention as a practical policy has set the goal of changing into a walkable city by year 2015.Since the street has always been the urban space that pedestrian can present there, throughout the history of human urbanization, street has undergone many changes. In a period of time it has distends from its past functions, and in another period all its functions were reflected in streets. Once it has been totally dominated by automobile and transportation, whereas in otter times the urban planners have been thinking of returning the previous identity and function of street. What is evident it is this fact the street as an important urban element, and as a stage for social activities, should be considered. And if we intend to have city for a more humane life, the first stage should include paying attention to the streets.The present article, which is the result of literature review section of the author's Ph.D thesis, intends to discuss the issue of walkability in the framework of increasing its capacity. In this regard, by having introduced the research methodology, and the theoretical framework, the functional role of the street as an urban space is analysed. Moreover, the pedestrian comprehensive plans of 14 European and American cities are revised and some criteria influencing the walkability issues are extracted to provide answers to the following questions:1- How can we design the cities for human and on human scales?2- For achieving a balanced human-oriented (pedestrian- oriented) ballanced city, what indices should be taken into account?Next, after the classification of those criteria, several indices for the evaluation of walkability are proposed in order to provide further presence of people in urban spaces.

During the past century, decline of pedestrian share in the transportation system has led to ever increasing congestion, pollutions, insecurity, and lack of vitality in neighborhoods at city centers and beyond. In recent years, however, attempts are also made to regenerate those areas through a pedestraianization effort in order to preserve or redirect the neighborhoods toward sustainability. Cities are expected to move toward more dependency on pedestrian movement in order to reduce fossil energy consumption, improve physical and mental health of people, heighten the level of inter-personal relations between citizens, and improve the social and cultural quality of urban living. The aim of this article is to identify those factors and indices which affect pedestrian movement. Here, the District 6 of Tehran Municipality is used as a case study. Factor Analysis is used to develop ten indices from a set of seemingly unrelated variables in order to measure the walkability potential in residential and mixed neighborhoods. This set of indices was then classified to measure the level of walkability in the study area. This made it possible to identify ten criteria influencing the pedestrian movement such as safety, pleasantness/attractiveness and amenity, Transportation/mobility, accessibility, connectivity/transit, link between land uses and transportation, sustainability of environment/vitality, security, education/public health, and local socio-cultural behavior. The objective is to test the effect of those factors upon walkability. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is also utilized to create thematic maps from those criteria and, through overlays, produce maps which show the various levels of walkability along certain streets. The kriging method within the GIS environment helped in data interpolation in order to obtain a continuous layer made of discontinuous sample points. Based on this technique, the weight of each question influencing each variable was extracted. Thus, preparing layers of information from sample locations in the form of maps and allocation of the estimated value of the variables as descriptive information to geographic data were the main tasks performed in GIS. Location maps were created for all the indices and main physical and cultural parameters influencing walkability. Again, using PCA, the weight and importance of these layers on the physical and socio-cultural parameters were estimated. Next, through Nap Overlay Technique, two cultural and physical layers were obtained. This process was separately repeated for residential and mixed land use, and a final layer of walkability potential for each was prepared. 149 pedestrians were surveyed between 8 to 10 pm in neighborhood in four streets of Enghelab, Vesal, Boulevard Keshavarz, and Felestin. The survey concentrated on views of the respondents as pedestrians toward the street condition regarding walkability. Here, the two main parameters which are associated with walkability are identified as physical and socio-cultural. The walkability maps, however, indicate that the significance of association is not uniform across different land uses. Rather, in the residential areas, physical factors have greater influence on walkability while in the mixed areas; the socio-cultural factors play the more important role. The results also show that the walkability potential in four main streets in the study area is also correlated with the environmental situation and the time spent for walking.

Purpose: IFLA's approach is to move towards developing qualitative guidelines and examining the feasibility of implementing these guidelines in the countries using them. The present research has been conducted with a view to formulating the related qualitative guidelines and surveying the feasibility of their implementation in the context of Iran's public libraries. Method: The current research is an applied study in terms of purpose, which applies an exploratory sequential mixed method. In the qualitative part, IFLA guidelines were investigated using the focus group method and a checklist was made in order to categorize the guidelines and to determine the evaluating groups. In this part, the research sample consisted of 5 experts in the development of Iran's standards that were selected using the purposeful sampling method. In the quantitative part, the tool for data collection was a questionnaire. In this part, the statistical population were composed of 4 groups evaluating IFLA standards in Iran's public libraries, who consisted of 80 managers and organizational specialists, 111 librarians, 21 experts, and 342 users amounting to 559 people in total. Each sample group was determined using the sampling method and Krejcie & Morgan table. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires among 4 evaluating groups. 81 questionnaires were returned by managers and organizational specialists, 110 ones by librarians, 21 ones by experts and 342 ones by users. Data analysis was carried out using the descriptive and inferential statistics. Excel and SPSS software packages were employed to calculate the frequency rates, averages and to perform the Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings: In the qualitative part of this research, different IFLA guidelines in 12 areas of public libraries` programs and services for various classes of user community were drawn on and confirmed in the checklist of focus group. Totally, out of 12 guidelines (51 guideline statements) appraised by 4 evaluating groups, 8 guidelines can be implemented in Iran's public libraries and the remaining 4 groups can be implemented under certain conditions. The findings of the quantitative part and a comparison drawn among the 4 groups on common statements using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is no significant difference between the views of evaluating groups, namely librarians, experts, managers and organizational specialists; However, a significant difference was found between the abovementioned groups and users. To increase the feasibility of implementation IFLA guidelines in Iran's public libraries, some remedies are put forward, including: revising and correcting some instructions, learning about the population of users, assessing the user needs, setting up a task-force consisting of managers, librarians, experts and users to develop and regulate library activities. Originality/value: The review of relevant literature in Iran and abroad showed that no research has already been conducted in order to codify IFLA qualitative guidelines in the field of public libraries' services and programs or to look into the feasibility of IFLA guidelines' implementation from the point of view of policy-makers and the relevant specialists. The findings of this research can help us with decision-making and policymaking in delivering implementing services and programs as well as in developing standards for public libraries.