Iran is one of the major producers of cashmere fibre in the world. Considerable amount of cashmere fibre is lost as a result of seasonal shedding. Cashmere and hair of the Iranian Raeini cashmere goat grows in a distinctly seasonal pattern. Zare et al. 1999 in a study using thirthy four female and male Raeini goats of 1 to 4 years old kept in a breeding station in Kerman province indicated that 30 percent of secondary follicles stopped producing fibre during mid-winter. However the extent of fibre loss in commercial Cashmere producing flocks in not known. The present experiment was conducted to determine the extent of Cashmere shedding and some fibre and follicle characteristics of Raeini goats run in four different commercial flocks in Kerman province, south of Iran (29017' S). All goats were grazed on pastures throughout the year and were supplemented with hay and barley during the winter. Follicle activity and fibre characteristics of ninety six male and female goats of one to four years old (12 goats in each group) were measured. At the peak of fibre shedding season in mid-winter, skin samples were taken from the right midside region of each goat using a 1 cm diameter trephine. The samples were placed in individual cassettes and dehydrated through a series of graded ethanols and cleared in histoclear using a tissue processor. Processed skin samples were blocked in paraffin and sectioned transverse to the follicles at 8mm using a base sledge microtome. To determine the SIP ratio, 400 follicles from at least 1015 randomly selected follicle groups were counted. The percentage of active and inactive follicles was determined from the cross section of skin samples as described by Nixon (1993).To measure fibre diameter, about 15 of wool was take from the midside region of each goat and washed. The mean fibre diameter of the washed samples was measured using microprojectina. Analysis of variance was performed using the SAS computer package and the means and standard errors of the means were generated with this program. Duncan's new multiple range test was then used to compare the characteristics between groups. The average percentage of inactive secondary follicles of 1 to 4 years old male and female goats was respectively 23.44±3.50, 26.22±2.90, 24.22±3.30, 25.34±4.41, 27.35±3.65, 24.12±2.80, 26.14±3.28 and 25.61±3.43. The SIP ratio of 1 to 4 years old male and female goats was respectively 14.12±1.40, 12.45±1.70, 13.95±2.03, 12.83±1.51, 12.52±1.72, 11.98±2.1 0, 12.64±1.40 and 13.43±1.56. There were no significant difference in the average percentage of inactive follicles and SIP ratio of groups. However significant difference was found in the average fibre diameter of groups. One year old male and female goats had the lowest fibre diameter. The average fibre diameter of 1 to 4 years old male and female goats was respectively 20.85±1.21.22±1.70, 21.30±2.41, 21.45±2.12, 20.95±1.30, 21.42±1.90, 21.35±2.43 and 21.80±2.51 mm.

Introduction: Numerous important factors such as physical and mental condition affect the quality of life Job stress is one of the key factors in decreasing productivity in organizations. Given the positive effects of physical activity on quality of life, this study aimed to compare the quality of life between active and inactive workers (case study). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional comparative study. 190 tile and cement-manufacturing workers who were eligible for the study were selected completely voluntarily, based on a convenience sampling. Of these, according to Beck questionnaire, 88 were selected in inactive and 64 in active groups; Weir and Sherborn questionnaire was used for assessing the quality of life (SF-36). For analysis the data, independent T-test and SPSS 16 software were used for analysis (P≤ 0. 05). Results: The results showed that physical, psychological and quality of life components in the active group of cement factory workers were (p = 0. 012) (p = 0. 001) (p = 0. 005) and tile workers (p = 0. 012) (P = 0. 005) (p = 0. 014) was a significant and more compare to the inactive group, but there was no significant difference between active and inactive workers of the two tile and cement factories. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the positive role of exercise and physical activity on the quality of life of people working in cement and tile factories. It seems easier physical activity and sports are related to the quality of life of workers and have nothing to do with the workplace.

Purpose: Recovery after intense interval training plays an important role in improving athletic performance, while the type of recovery and exercise background can affect athletic performance. The aim of this study was to compare the Response of blood buffering capacity to three types of recovery during Repeated High-Intensity endurance test in trained and untrained girls’ students of Farhangian University. Methods: 30 female students of Farhangian University (mean age 22. 49 ± . 3 (year), weight 68. 33 ± 7. 31 (kg) and height 176. 76 ± 8. 32 (cm) were randomly selected in three recovery groups (active: N=10, passive: N=10, Stretching: N=10) randomly. The Subjects underwent three types of recovery during the repeated high-intensity endurance test after evaluating the maximum oxygen consumption according to a specific pattern in a crossover methods, three days in a week. Arterial blood sample were taken measured before and immediately after the test and buffering capacity and carnosine were analyzed by ABG and ELISA techniques. After 8-eight weeks of aerobic exercise (65-80% of maximal heart rate), the test and blood sampling were repeated with the same pre-test and at the same time. Results: In untrained girls, only significant difference was found between stretching and active recovery for oxygen saturation, and in trained girls’ there was a significant increase in oxygen saturation for active and passive recovery. Significant increase in blood acidity, bicarbonate, base buffers and carnosine was observed in trained girls by active recovery (P ≤ 0. 05). Conclusion: The results show that the response of buffering capacity to the three types of recovery was significantly higher in trained subjects. Which is more notable with active recovery.

Background & objectives: The quality of sleep and life are variables that have a very important role in organizing the social, physical and psychological aspects of human. This study aimed to compare the quality of life and sleep of active and passive soldiers. Methods: Among 400 soldiers of shahid Abbas Doran Air Force base in Shiraz, 200 soldiers were selected by available sampling method and participated in this descriptive study. They were divided into two groups of active and inactive based on the amount of their physical activity per week and completed the Pittsburgh sleep quality and quality of life (SF-36) questionnaires. For data analysis, Mann-Whitney test was used in SPSS-16 software. Results: The results showed that there was no difference between passive and active soldiers in the scale of the delay in falling asleep (p=0. 41) and use of sleep medications (p=0. 13), While there was a significant difference in overall score and other sleep quality variables (p<0. 05). It was also found that there were significant differences in the quality of life variables between active and inactive soldiers (p<0. 05). Conclusion: Since active soldiers have better sleep quality and quality of life than passive soldiers, it can be concluded that the physical activity and exercise can have a positive impact on the quality of sleep and life of soldiers.

Background: Increase in number of cesarean sections has caused some alarming advices by clear-sighted authorities. So, it is necessary to study the factors affecting the rate of cesarean sections.Objective: To compare the effect of amniotomy on mode of delivery in both active & latent phases.Methods: This was an analytical cohort study carried out at Kosar hospital, Qazvin (Iran) in 2003-2004. The study population consisted of all admitted women (n=305) whose labor was induced by amniotomy. The patients were further divided into two groups marked as study group (n=174) and comparison group (n=131) based on being in latent phase or active phase, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using t- test, chi- square, and Mann- Whitney tests. Findings: Cesarean section was significantly higher (p=0.001) in study group than in comparison group, 19 (10.9%) vs. 2 (1.5%). Non-progressive labor during the first stage of labor showed to be considerably higher in study group (p=0.001). Also non-progressive labor during the second stage was (2.9%) in study group and (1.5%) in comparison group with no statically significant difference. Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns showed no significant difference, statically. Oxytocin administration in study group was (43.7%) and in comparison group (4.6%) showing statically a significant difference (p= 0.000(.Conclusion: Regarding our data, cesarean section, non progressive labor during the first stage, and oxytocin administration were all higher in latent phase group than in active phase group. It seems that early amniotomy may increase the need for cesarean section.

The purpose of this study was to compare trunk core stability and flexibility between bodybuilders and non-athletes. 60 subjects participated in this study (30 bodybuilders and 30non-athletes). The subjects were selected between healthy elite bodybuilders and healthy non-athletes. For core stability measuring (flexion, extension and lateral bridge) Mc Gill tests was used. Trunk flexibility in flexion, extension, right and left lateral flexion and right and left rotation was measured by meters. the results showed that the time of flexion stability in bodybuilders were significantly lower than non-athletes (p=0.001) and also flexibility of flexion (p=0.03) and extension (p=0.02) in bodybuilders group was significantly lower than non-athletes, but the range of motion ratio in different direction (Flexion to extension, right and left lateral flexion and right and left rotation) were not significant between two groups (p<0.05). The findings of this study showed that bodybuilders have lower core stability in flexion direction than non-athletes, and lower flexibility in flexion and extension direction than non-athletes, this point.