Intuition has a central role in philosophy, the role to arbitrating between different opinions. When a philosopher shows that «intuition» supports his view, he thinks this is a good reason for him. In contrast, if we show some contraries between intuition and a theory or some implications of it, we think a replacement or at least some revisions would be needed. There are some well-known examples of this role for intuition in many fields of philosophy; the transplant case in ethics, the chinese nation case in philosophy of mind and the Gettier examples in epistemology. But there is an assumption here; we suppose all people think in same manner, i.e. we think intuition (s) is universal. Experimental philosophy tries to study this assumption experimentally. This project continues Quine's movement to “pursuit of truth” from a naturalistic point of view and making epistemology “as a branch of natural science.” The work of experimental philosophy shows that in many cases people with different cultural backgrounds reflect to some specific moral or epistemological cases –like Gettier examples- differently and thus intuition is not universal. So, many problems that are based on this assumption maybe dissolved, have plural forms for plural cultures or bounded to some specific cultures –western culture in many cases.

This paper explores the significance and the status of thought experiments in philosophy. In the first step, we briefly survey the history of how the term "thought experiment" emerged and its role in the history of thought. In the second step, we analyze two important definitions of thought experiment offered by Sorensen and Gandler, and after pointing out four general approaches to thought experiments, we examine the role of intuition in them. We also discuss the difference between the experiments with apparently similar status, such as science fictions, ideal experiments and mathematical arguments. After analyzing the role of imagination in thought experiments, we further analyze the role of thought experiment in philosophy and argue that there are four main functions for thought experiments namely, explaining defective examples, theorizing, confirming a theory, and explaining essential connections. At the end, the floating man of Avicenna has also been briefly analyzed as an example of a thought experiment offered by a Muslim philosopher.

In this article Descartes philosophy is considered from on ethical point of view. At first the importance of morality in the big picture of his philosophy is demonstrated. Descartes is introduced as a sage whose philosophy is first of all an ethical and therapeutic one. We have considered Descartes similarities with Stoics and explored the most practical aspects of his philosophy illustrated in his letters especially. After that, two important passions in Descartes' ethics are clarified, i.e., generosity and love. At the end we have emphasized that- against some current conceptions about Descartes philosophy- his deepest and most ultimate concerns were about some ancient ideas such as good life, ethics, and wisdom.

This study aimed at exploring the philosophy of test and its constructive role in human education with an emphasis on the Holy Quran and Infallible Imams’ (AS) narratives. Islam gives attention to human’s comprehensive education. Suffering and divine test is a current tradition that is realized through some instruments and tools. This divine tradition is a genetic and practical tradition encompassing the divine popular guidance tradition since it has a direct relationship with responsible creatures such as human being and the degree of his faith to God. In this research, first, an explanation to the concept of suffering, test, sedition, and purification is presented and then, the philosophy and dimensions of test as well as its constructive role in human education are investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytical and theoretical analogy. The results revealed that the divine tests play an important role in creating motivation and development, promotion, sins purgation as well as creating awareness and consciousness for repentance and return to God.

The translation of long poems tends to be such a demanding job that some translators may content themselves with the rendering of a selection of the poems’ lines. Such “excerpt” translations need to meet certain conditions without which they are either far removed or diverted from the true themes and purposes of the originals, despite the fact that they may be apparently faithful to the literal meanings of the words. Having examined an example of Persian translation of a few stanzas from In Memoriam A. H. H., a long poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, The present paper is going to enumerate the necessary conditions for the sound excerpt translation of poems: the adherence to the “linguistic” and “temporal” contexts of the original poem. The disregard for these conditions in the Persian translation has caused it to be a far cry from what the poem really is about, and none of the translator’s comments has compensated for the loss either. Finally, there comes another Persian translation of the same stanzas which has met, along with the aforesaid conditions, other requirements that constitute collectively “the sufficient condition” for a successful excerpt translation of a long poem; this versified translation seems to convey, to some extent, the formal aesthetic aspects of the original too.

Every society is essentially attentive to collective interests and collective rationality. This study attempts to identify the variables influencing collectivism or cooperation in social junctions. The theoretical framework here is late rational choice theory which in its analysis of human behavior, in addition to cost benefits calculation, considers altruistic inclinations and fair behavior too. Based on the study's hypotheses the variables of generalized commitment, self-restraint, religiosity, disposition to cooperation, a belief in losses incurring from lack of cooperation, trust in others' cooperation, life satisfaction, receiving convincing signals from others, and experiencing others' negative reactions all influence collective behavior.The instance of collective behavior in this study is whether pedestrians' stop before the red light. The sample consists of 300 of pedestrians crossing three crowded intersections in south, center, and north of Tehran. These pedestrians had intended to cross the red light. The research findings verify the relationship of all variables with independent one, except those of life satisfaction and experience of others' negative reactions. Inputting into step-by-step regression analysis equation, the variables of "receiving convincing signals from others", "self-restraint", and "generalized commitment", a total of %17 of independent variable's change was explained.To increase cooperation in social junctions several suggestions are offered:1. Reinforcing altruism and collective commitment 2. Conducting raining about the losses incurring from lack of cooperation and the benefits of cooperation 3. Reducing the cost of cooperation and increasing the cost of lack of cooperation 4. Strengthening formal/informal control.

This survey research was conducted to investigate facilitative attitude of extension practitioners and analysis related influencing factors. The statistical population of the study consisted of 2961 extension practitioners working in different provincial extension deputies of ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture. Using Cochran's formula, 232 extension practitioners were selected as sample using multi-stage method. Content validity of the questionnaire confirmed by a panel of Extension Experts and Faculty members of the University of Agricultural Extension and Education. Calculated Coronbach Alpha coefficient as indication of questionnaire’s reliability for scale of facilitative attitude was equal to 0/90. The data was analysis with SPSS software. According to research findings, the most of respondents (58%) have a fairly facilitative attitude. The result of the multivariate regression indicated that 50% of facilitative attitude as dependent variable variance explained by the five independents variables that involved in linear equation, including: field visits, taking course in facilitation field, collaboration in research-extension projects, job record, and record of membership in cooperatives and local organizations. Through a path analysis diagram, direct and indirect effects of these independent variables on facilitative attitude were indicated.

Consistent with the occurrence of the new - emerging challenges and threats in the international arena, the concept of security has also evolved in conceptual change and besides creating a kind of paradigm shift from model of state-centric security to the models of human-centered security, issues such as, human security and the protection of the existence of all human beings, has been importance and emphasis.On the other hand, if security to be considered a kind of balance in different aspects, each element of counter-balance can be disruptive security and consequently leading to insecurity. Accordingly, one of the elements that imbalance is born from it and create insecurity, is poverty in different aspects which as one of the challenges to human security provides space for growth of the annihilator security parameters ,such as war, violence and human trafficking, On the flip side, it seems the protectionist and humanitarian behaviors can be used as a factor to restore and control the balance in the economic and social areas. This article seeks to analyze the parameters and characteristics of human security and also convey the position of protectionist practices from the perspective of Islamic thought to eliminate the roots of insecurity and provide solutions for reducing existing insecurity.

Background and Objective: Suffering, hardship, and the experience of critical and challenging situations are inherent aspects of human life. The readiness or unpreparedness to face these challenges has a direct impact on the nature and manner of human existence amidst adversity. How one manages challenges is influential in spiritual health and other dimensions of human well-being. This study aims to introduce techniques for confronting challenges and to recognize their effects on human spiritual health. Method: This research was conducted using library-research and citation tools, employing a descriptive-analytical method with content analysis as the level of analysis. Findings: The techniques for confronting challenges, corresponding to the divine culture, include: an ideal and superior perspective, contentment, voluntary maintenance of inner peace, belief in transience, meaning the belief in the temporary nature of challenges and hardships, focus on the justice-oriented nature of the Day of Judgment, forgiveness and forbearance towards others, viewing life's challenges as tests, entrusting matters to a higher power, correct interpretation and redefinition of happiness, situation analysis, the technique of prayer, positive assumptions and hope, universality, minimizing problems, and attention to the afterlife outcomes. The application of the proposed therapeutic techniques in this writing leads to the preservation, enhancement, strengthening, and meaningfulness of life in the light of spiritual health, ultimately facilitating the attainment of a virtuous life as described in the Quran. Conclusion: The application of the fifteen techniques in challenging situations primarily alters the perspective towards adversity, protecting against potential destructive impacts on mental and spiritual health, and consequently preserving and enhancing spiritual health